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Publishing Year : 2026

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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In an era where digital surveillance technologies have become integral to national security strategies, the interplay between human rights protections and state security needs is increasingly contentious. This paper explores the complex landscape of digital surveillance and its implications for individual privacy rights. It analyzes various surveillance practices, including data collection, monitoring, and the use of artificial intelligence, assessing their compliance with international human rights standards. Through a comprehensive review of legal frameworks, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the paper identifies critical areas where existing protections may fall short. It argues that while security concerns are legitimate, they must not override the fundamental rights of individuals to privacy and freedom from unwarranted intrusion. The research highlights the need for a balanced approach that recognizes the importance of security while safeguarding privacy rights. Furthermore, it discusses potential policy reforms and technological solutions aimed at enhancing transparency and accountability in surveillance practices. By advocating for a rights-based framework, this study aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on how to harmonize the often-conflicting demands of security and privacy in the digital age. 

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Human Rights, Digital Surveillance, Privacy Rights, Data Protection, International Law, Transparency. 

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  1. Akram, S. V.; et al.  (2020) Adoption of Blockchain Technology in Various Realms: Opportunities and Challenges, Security and Privacy, 3(5), e109.

2. Cain, W. (2023) AI Emergence in Education: Exploring Formative Tensions Across Scholarly and Popular Discourse, Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 34(2), 239–273.
3. Cheryl, B. K. & Ng, B. K. (2022) Protecting the Unprotected Consumer Data in Internet of Things: Current Scenario of Data Governance in Malaysia, Sustainability, 14(16), 9893.
4. Cotula, L. (2019) Between Hope and Critique: Human Rights, Social Justice and Re-Imagining International Law from the Bottom Up, Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 48, 473.
5. D’Orville, H. (2023) The United Nations and New Multilateralism, in Pluralism and World Order: Theoretical Perspectives and Policy Challenges, Palgrave Macmillan, 135–157, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9872-0_8, Accessed on 12/03/2026.
6. Dávila A, S.; Guruli, N. & Samaro, D. (2021) Digital Dominion: How the Syrian Regime’s Mass Digital Surveillance Violates Human Rights. Access Now & UIC John Marshall Law School International Human Rights Clinic. https://www.accessnow.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2021/10/Digital-Dominion-Syria-report.pdf, Accessed on 16/03/2026.
7. Der Derian, J. & Wendt, A. (2020) Quantizing International Relations’: The Case for Quantum Approaches to International Theory and Security Practice, Security Dialogue, 51(5), 399–413.
8. Holmes, W.; Porayska-Pomsta, K.; Holstein, K.; Sutherland, E.; Baker, T.; Buckingham Shum, S.; Santos, O. C.; Rodrigo, M. T.; Cukurova, M.; Bittencourt, I. I. & Koedinger, K. R. (2022). Ethics of AI in education: Towards a community-wide framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(2), 504–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-02100239-1
9. Knight, E & Gekker, A. (2020) Mapping Interfacial Regimes of Control: Palantir’s ICM in America’s Post-9/11 Security Technology Infrastructures, Surveillance & Society, 18(2), 231–243.
10. McGregor, L.; Murray, D. & Ng, V. (2019) International Human Rights Law as a Framework for Algorithmic Accountability, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 68(2), 309–343.
11. Nguyen, M. T. & Tran, M. Q. (2023) Balancing Security and Privacy in the Digital Age: An In-Depth Analysis of Legal and Regulatory Frameworks Impacting Cybersecurity Practices, International Journal of Intelligent Automation and Computing, 6(5), 1–12.
12. Partow-Navid, P. & Skusky, L. (2023) The Need for International AI Activities Monitoring,” Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 31(3), 114–127.
13. Powell, A. & Haynes, C. (2020) Social media data in digital forensics investigations. In A. Rocha, T. Guarda, L. P. Reis & S. Costanzo (Eds.), Digital forensic education: An experiential learning approach, p. 281–303. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-03040435-1_12, Accessed on 18/03/2026.
14. Rizi, M. H. P. & Seno, S. A. H.  (2022) A Systematic Review of Technologies and Solutions to Improve Security and Privacy Protection of Citizens in the Smart City, Internet of Things, 20, 100584.
15. Roslan, F. A. B. M. & Ahmad, N. B. (2023) The Rise of AI-Powered Voice Assistants: Analyzing Their Transformative Impact on Modern Customer Service Paradigms and Consumer Expectations, Quarterly Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovations, 8(3), 33–64.

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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Mental health is an essential determinant of adolescents’ cognitive, emotional, and social development. During adolescence, individuals encounter numerous physical, psychological, and environmental changes that significantly influence emotional well-being and cognitive functioning. Problem-solving ability enables adolescents to manage academic, interpersonal, and everyday challenges effectively. This paper examines the relationship between mental health and problem-solving ability among adolescents, highlighting evidence that positive mental health enhances emotional stability, resilience, self-confidence, and cognitive flexibility, whereas poor mental health impairs reasoning, decision-making, and academic performance. The study adopts a descriptive correlational perspective and emphasizes the importance of promoting mental health within schools.

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Mental Health, Problem-Solving Ability, Adolescents, Academic Performance, Psychological Well-being.

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  1. Bandura, A. (1986) Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.

2. Bruns, E. J.; Lee, K.; Davis, C.; Pullmann, M. D.; Ludwig, K.; Sander, M.; Holm-Hansen, C. & Hoover, S. (2023) Effectiveness of a brief engagement, problem-solving, and triage strategy for high school students: Results of a randomized study. Prevention Science, 24, 701–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-022-01463-4
3. Dewey, J. (1933) How we think. D.C. Heath and Company, Boston, MA.
4. D’Zurilla, T. J. & Goldfried, M. R. (1971) Problem solving and behavior modification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 78(1), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031360
5. D’Zurilla, T. J. & Nezu, A. M. (2007) Problem-solving therapy: A positive approach to clinical intervention (3rd ed.) Springer, New York, NY.
6. Fazel, M. & Soneson, E. (2023) Current evidence and opportunities in child and adolescent public mental health: A research review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(12), 1699–1719. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13889
7. Heppner, P. P. & Krauskopf, C. J. (1987) An information-processing approach to personal problem solving. The Counseling Psychologist, 15(3), 371–447.
8. Heppner, P. P. & Petersen, C. H. (1982) The development and implications of a personal problem-solving inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 66–75.
9. Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984) Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer, New York, NY.
10. Malik, K.; Parikh, R.; Sahu, R.; Sudhir, P.; Fairburn, C. G.; Patel, V. & Michelson, D. (2023) “If there is a tension about something, I can solve it”: A qualitative investigation of change processes in a trial of brief problem-solving interventions for common adolescent mental health problems in India. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 96(1), 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12433
11. Mayer, J. D. & Salovey, P. (1997) What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications, Basic Books, New York, p. 3-31.
12. Metz, K.; Lewis, J.; Mitchell, J.; Chakraborty, S.; McLeod, B. D.; Bjørndal, L.; Mildon, R. & Shlonsky, A. (2023) Problem-solving interventions and depression among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of the effectiveness of problem-solving interventions in preventing or treating depression. PLOS ONE, 18(8), e0285949. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285949
13. Poropat, A. E. (2009) A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 322–338.
14. Richardson, M.; Abraham, C. & Bond, R. (2012) Psychological correlates of university students’ academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 353–387.
15. Suldo, S. M. & Shaffer, E. J. (2008) Looking beyond psychopathology: The dual-factor model of mental health in youth. School Psychology Review, 37(1), 52–68.
16. World Health Organization. (2022) World mental health report: Transforming mental health for all. World Health Organization, Geneva.
17. Xu, L.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, C.; Zhang, Z.; Li, G.; Lu, W.; Tian, X. & Huang, H. (2023) Deficits in psychological resilience and problem-solving ability in adolescents with suicidal ideation. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17, Article 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00577.

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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Peer pressure is one of the most influential social factors affecting adolescents’ academic and personal development. During the higher secondary stage, students interact extensively with their peer groups, and these interactions can significantly influence their attitudes, learning behaviors, motivation, and academic achievement. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of peer pressure on the academic performance of higher secondary school students. A descriptive research design was employed to achieve the objectives of the study. The sample consisted of 200 higher secondary school students selected from recognized schools through an appropriate sampling technique. Data on peer pressure were collected using a standardized peer pressure scale, while academic performance was measured using students’ academic achievement scores. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Mean and Standard Deviation were calculated to describe the data, whereas the t-test was applied to determine the significance of the effect of peer pressure on academic performance. The results indicated a statistically significant effect of peer pressure on academic performance. Accordingly, the null hypothesis was rejected. The findings suggest that peer pressure is an important factor influencing students’ academic achievement. Therefore, schools should encourage positive peer relationships through guidance and counseling programmes, mentoring initiatives, collaborative learning opportunities, and life-skills education. The outcomes of this study may assist educators, parents, counselors, and educational policymakers in developing effective strategies to strengthen positive peer influence and enhance students’ academic performance and overall development.

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Peer Pressure, Academic Performance, Higher Secondary School Students, Adolescents, Academic Achievement.

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  1. Alexander, J. M.; Yesodharan, R. & Nayak, M. G. (2024) Peer influence and its impact on behavior among South Indian adolescents: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Journal of education and health promotion, 13, 98. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_697_23

2. Cao, Y.; Gao, J.; Lian, D.; Rong, Z.; Shi, J.; Wang, Q.; Wu, G.; Yao, H. & Zhou, A. (2017) Orderness predicts academic performance: Behavioral analysis on campus lifestyle. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 15(146), Article 20180210.
3. Crede, M.; Roch, S. G. & Kieszczynka, U. M. (2010) Class attendance in college: A meta-analytic review of the relationship of class attendance with grades and student characteristics. Review of Educational Research, 80(2), 272–295. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654310362998
4. Duckworth, A. L. & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005) Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16(12), 939–944. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x 
5. Fudolin, M. & Dioso, E. D. (2025) Perceived effects of peer pressure to academic performance: A correlational study. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Viewpoints, 1(4), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.64612/ijiv.v1i4.23
6. Filade, B. A.; Bello, A. A.; Uwaoma, I.; Anwanane, B. B. & Nwangburuka, K. (2019) Peer group influence on academic performance of undergraduate students in Babcock University, Ogun State. African Educational Research Journal, 7(2), 81–87.
7. Kassarnig, V.; Mones, E.; Bjerre-Nielsen, A.; Sapiezynski, P.; Lassen, D. D. & Lehmann, S. (2017) Academic performance and behavioral patterns. EPJ Data Science, 7(10), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0138-8
8. Komarraju, M.; Karau, S. J.; Schmeck, R. R. & Avdic, A. (2011) The Big Five personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(4), 472–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.019
9. Poropat, A. E. (2009) A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014996
10. Richardson, M.; Abraham, C. & Bond, R. (2012) Psychological correlates of university students’ academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 353–387. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026838
11. Robbins, S. B.; Lauver, K.; Le, H.; Davis, D.; Langley, R. & Carlstrom, A. (2004) Do psychosocial and study skill factors predict college outcomes? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2), 261–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.261
12. Ryan, A. M. (2001) The peer group as a context for the development of young adolescent motivation and achievement. Child Development, 72(4), 1135–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00338
13. Shao, Y.; Kang, S.; Lu, Q.; Zhang, C. & Li, R. (2024) How peer relationships affect academic achievement among junior high school students: The chain mediating roles of learning motivation and learning engagement. BMC Psychology, 12, Article 278. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01780-z
14. Yao, H.; Lian, D.; Cao, Y.; Wu, G. & Zhou, A. (2019) Predicting academic performance for college students: A campus behavior perspective. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 33(2), 103–110.

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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भारत जैसे विशाल जनसंख्या वाले देश में सभी के लिए समुचित खाद्य आपूर्ति बनाए रखने हेतु सर्वाधिक महत्ता वाला क्षेत्र कृषि का विकास है। कृषि विकास का अभिप्राय परम्परागत पद्धति में परिवर्तन कर न्यून उत्पादकता से उच्च उत्पादकता युक्त वैज्ञानिक एवं वर्तमान प्रतिरुप प्रदान करना, साथ ही उत्पादित सामग्री का समान सामाजिक वितरण एवं पर्यावरणीय संतुलन बनाये रखने से है। अध्ययन क्षेत्र देवरिया जनपद उत्तर के विशाल मैदान के एक भाग सरयू पारीय मैदान में अवस्थित है। कृृषि यहाँ के लोगों के जीविकोपार्जन का मूलाधार ही नहीं बल्कि उनकी जीवन पद्धति भी है, इसलिए प्रस्तुत अध्यययन में  कृृषि विकास के विभिन्न पक्षों से सम्बन्धित सूचकों का चयन कर सांख्यिकीय विधियों के द्वारा क्षेत्र में कृृषि विकास स्तर वाले प्रदेशों के निर्धारण का प्रयास किया गया है।

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भारत, जनसंख्या, कृषि, जीविकोपार्जन.

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  1. Awate, S.J. and G.U. Todkari (2012) Agriculture Productivity in Solapur District of Maharashtra: A Geographical Analysis, International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 2, p. 186-189

2. Dubey, Manish (2011) Problems of Agricultural Growth in India, Cyber Tech Publications, New Delhi, p. 11-41
3. Gazetteer of India (1988) Uttar Pradesh, Deoria District, Allahabad, p.45-55
4. Halder, Jadab Chandra and Pannalal Das (2010) The Changing Pattern of Basic Inputs and Their Impact on Crop Productivity in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, Geographical Review of India, Vol. 72, No. 1, March, p. 91-105
5. Mishra, R.P. (1986) Towards a Composite Approach to Agricultural Development, cited in, P.S. Tiwari, Agricultural Geography, Heritage Publishers, New Delhi, p. 289-301
6. Mohammad, Ali, Abdul Munir and Rehman, Hifzur (2007) Fifty Years of Indian Agriculture, Vol.1, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, p. 11-22
7. Prasad, C.S. (2006) Sixty Years of Indian Agriculture 1947 to 2007, New Century Publications, New Delhi, p. 7-33
8. Radhakrishna, R. (2002) Agricultural Growth, Employment and Poverty: A Policy Perspective, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.37, No.3, p. 243-50
9. Srivastava, Shweta and B.N. Singh (2010) Agricultural Productivity and Level of Agricultural Development in Azamgarh District, Uttar Pradesh, N.G.J.I., Vol. 56, pt. 2 & 4, Sept-Dec., p. 81-92
10. Siddiqui, Ahmad Mujtaba; Ali, Mohammad and Bushra, Iqrar (2010) Problems and Prospects of Agricultural Development and Food Security in Middle Ganga Plain, N.G.J.I., Vol. 56, pt. 1, March, p. 43-50
11. जिला सांख्यिकीय पत्रिका-2000 एवं 2015
12. स्वामीनाथन, एम. एस. (2007) कृषि क्षेत्र में व्यय एवं परिणाम, योजना, अंक-2, मई, पृ. 7-8।
13. सिंह, पी. के. (2007) जैविक कृषि की समस्याएं एवं सम्भावनाएं: गोरखपुर जनपद (उ. प्र.) का एक प्रतीक अध्ययन, अप्रकाशित शोध प्रबन्ध, दी.द.गो.वि., गोरखपुर, पृ. 111।
14. सिंह, मनमोहन (2007) कृषि, शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य और अवसंरचना प्राथमिकता वाले क्षेत्र, योजना, अंक-1, अप्रैल, पृ. 7-11।
15. टास रिपोर्ट (2019) सुरक्षित एवं सतत् कृषि के लिए नीतियों एवं कार्य योजना पर एक प्रतिवेदन, भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान परिसर, नई दिल्ली। 

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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The fusion of artificial intelligence with social media platforms has transformed cyber stalking from a nuisance into a mechanised assault on human dignity, privacy, and participatory rights. Using Indian legal and international human rights instruments as the backbone, this article maps the AI enabled techniques predictive surveillance, deepfakes, bot driven mobbing that stalkers now deploy. It examines the injury these inflict on the right to privacy, psychological integrity, and free expression, paying special attention to gendered impacts. The piece critically evaluates Indian statutory responses such as the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, alongside international obligations under the ICCPR and CEDAW. Finally, it proposes a human rights centred regulatory framework that binds platforms to safety by design principles and ensures survivor focused remedies. Without urgent legal reform and ethical recalibration of AI systems, digital spaces will remain hostile territory for the most vulnerable.1

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Artificial Intelligence, Social Media, Cyber Stalking, Human Rights, Right to Privacy, Deepfakes.

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  1. Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1, para 298; Human Rights Council, The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Doc A/HRC/48/31 (2021) para 3.

2. This vignette is based on multiple documented accounts, see generally Amnesty International, Troll Patrol Report: Violence and Abuse against Women on Social Media (Amnesty International Ltd, 2020) 19  24.
3. Ashley McGillivray, ‘Deepfake and Human Rights: The Non Consensual Synthesis of Intimate Images’ (2020) International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 28(3), 225, 230.
4. Danielle Keats Citron, Hate Crimes in Cyberspace (Harvard University Press, 2014) 35.
5. Section 78 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 now defines stalking; previously, the Indian Penal Code, 1860 contained s 354D.
6. Diana Freed et al., “A Stalker’s Paradise”: How Intimate Partner Abusers Exploit Technology (2018) Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1, 46.
7. Nicolas Suzor et al., (2019) Human Rights by Design: The Responsibilities of Social Media Platforms to Address Gender Based Violence Online’ Policy & Internet, 11(1), 84, 88.
8. The term “AI social media nexus” is used here to denote the reciprocal amplification between algorithmic systems and platform architectures; see Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (PublicAffairs, 2019) 270 275.
9. Freed et al. (n 6) 5.
10. Ibid 7 8.
11. Zuboff (n 8) 93.
12. For a description of the data broker market in India, see Privacy International, State of Privacy India (2019) 12 14.
13. Citron (n 4) 51 52.
14. Suzor et al. (n 7) 94.
15. Amnesty International (n 2) 30 34.
16. Freed et al. (n 6) 56; predictive analytics in stalking is an emerging field, discussed extensively in Anastasia Powell and Nicola Henry, Sexual Violence in a Digital Age (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017) 58 62.
17. Powell and Henry (n 17) 59.
18. McGillivray (n 3) 228.
19. Id at 232.
20. Nicola Henry and Anastasia Powell, ‘Technology Facilitated Sexual Violence: A Literature Review of Empirical Research ’ (2018) Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 19(2), 195, 201.
21. Alice E. Marwick and Robyn Caplan, ‘Drinking Male Tears: Language, the Manosphere, and Networked Harassment’ (2018) Feminist Media Studies 18(4), 543, 548 554.
22. Ibid.
23. Amnesty International (n 2) 34.
24. Puttaswamy (n 1) para 298 (Chandrachud J).
25. Id, para 325.
26. Id, para 303.
27. See Francis Coralie Mullin v. Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi (1981) 1 SCC 608, para 3; Puttaswamy (n 1) para 144.
28. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation No. 35 on Gender Based Violence against Women, UN Doc CEDAW/C/GC/35 (2017) para 20.
29. McGillivray (n 3) 245.
30. CEDAW Committee (n 34) para 31.
31. Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences on Online Violence against Women and Girls from a Human Rights Perspective, UN Doc A/HRC/38/47 (2018) para 29.
32. Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) 5 SCC 1, para 21.
33. For the horizontal application of fundamental rights, see Puttaswamy (n 1) para 109.
34. This intersectional pattern is documented in Amnesty International (n 2) 44 45.
35. Dalit women’s specific vulnerability is highlighted in various NGO reports; see e.g., National Dalit Movement for Justice, Caste and Cyber Violence (2020) 8 10.
36. Council of Europe, Cyberviolence against Women and Girls: A World Wide Wake Up Call (Council of Europe Publishing, 2021) 12.
37. The Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act No. 21 of 2000), ss 66E, 67, 67A.
38. For enforcement challenges, see Centre for Internet and Society, Cyber Stalking in India: A Report (2021) 22 28.
39. IT Rules, 2021, r 3(2)(b), (d).
40. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, s 78.
41. Section 78(1) defines stalking as “following a person and contacting, or attempting to contact such person to foster personal interaction repeatedly despite a clear indication of disinterest.”
42. Sections 294 296 deal with obscenity, word, gesture or act intended to insult modesty, and voyeurism, respectively.
43. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, ch II, ss 6 11.
44. Section 6 of the DPDP Act requires consent for processing, but there is no specific prohibition on processing personal data for stalking purposes.
45. The Schedule to the DPDP Act lists “psychological harm” and “loss of reputation” as harms but leaves the enforcement mechanism to the Board.
46. The concept of a constitutional tort for violation of Article 21 was recognised in Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa (1993) 2 SCC 746.
47. Puttaswamy (n 1) para 325.
48. Puttaswamy (n 1) para 325; Human Rights Council (n 1) para 67.

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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Cultural differences and language hedge is content has been concentrated on academic exploration substantially related to the environment of artistic diversity and verbal challenges in shaping transactional business practice, with particular emphasis on their impact on organizational business effectiveness, cross border cooperation and hand collaboration. Culture and language walls in globalization produce significant challenges in communication business and social commerce, frequently leading to misconstruction, reduce collaboration, and increased sale costs. The objective of this study what strategies business borrows to overcome them and how culture intelligence can enhance global business. Which is grounded on secondary source similar as journals, articles, papers, and books. Globalisation has made the use and operation of language and element or arising in transactional business conditioning. Now a days major issues of culture differences and language walls, include communication breakdown misreading of verbal cues and reduce productivity is high/low environment communication conception ethnocentrism and difficulty interpreting expressions which hamper collaboration trust and effective bridge functionality. Using simple direct language, rehearsing active listening give cross culture training, using visual , aids, language development programme and culturally adaptive practice and using restatement technology to brisky and inclusive terrain can reduce artistic difference and language walls, significantly more successful in minimizing misreading and structure trust cross lessees finding also reveal that that cultural intelligence defined as the time capability to acclimatize to new culture setting play vital role in strengthening transactional collaboration and perfecting association issues. 

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Cross Border, Language Wall, Globalization, Cultural Intelligence, Ethnocentric. 

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  1. Ang, S. & Vane Dyne. (Eds), L;(2008) Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network, Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement and applications, pp.3-15, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York.

2. Earley, P. C. & Ang, S. (2003) Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Standfort University press, Stanford, California.
3. Gutekunst, W. B. (2003) Cross-cultural and intercultural communication. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
4. Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviour’s, institutions and organisation across nation (2nd ed0) Sage publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
5. Hofstede, G.; Hofstede, G.J. & Minkov, M. (2010) Cultures and organizations: software of the mind (3rd ed) McGraw-Hill, New York.
6. House, R.J.; Hanges, P.J.; Javidan, M.; Dorfman, P.W. & Gupta, V. (2004) Culture leadership, and organization: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
7. Jandt, F. E. (2018) An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. (9th ed.) Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
8. Richard, Lanigan; Edward, T. Hall (1978) Garden city beyond culture. Anchor press / Doubleday., Laguna Beach, California. 
9. Trompenaars, F. & Hampden-Turner, C. (2012) Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business (3rd ed.) Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London.
10. UNCTAD. (2023) World investment report 2023. United Nations Conference on trade and development, New York.
11. World Bank. (2023) Global economic prospects. World bank publication, Washington D.C.

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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The study found that non-academic internet browsing and social media use are highly prevalent among adolescents and young adults. Most participants spent considerable time on entertainment, social networking, and other recreational online activities. While digital technology offers valuable educational opportunities, excessive non-academic use may negatively affect academic productivity and overall development. The findings emphasize the need to promote responsible internet use, healthy digital habits, and greater awareness to encourage the effective use of online resources for educational and personal development.

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Prevalence, Social Media, Adolescents, Young Adults.

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  1. American Psychological Association. (2020) Research on adolescent social media behavior and internet usage patterns. American Psychological Association, 750 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, USA.

2. Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (2006) Research in Education (10th ed.). Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
3. Garrett, H. E. (2008) Statistics in Psychology and Education. Vakils, Feffer and Simons Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai.
4. Kothari, C. R. (2004) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.). New Age International Publishers, Daryaganj, New Delhi.
5. Mangal, S. K. (2013) Statistics in Psychology and Education (2nd ed.). PHI Learning, Delhi.
6. Pew Research Center. (2021) Social Media Use and Internet Trends, Pew Research Center, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
7. UNESCO. (2021) Digital Learning and Youth Internet Engagement, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, France.
8. World Health Organization. (2021) Screen Time and Mental Well-being among Adolescents, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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इस वर्तमान के भोगी संसार में एक आदिवासी ही है जिन्हें प्रकृति की चिंता है। ये वो लोग हैं जिन्होंने आदिकाल से प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का संरक्षण किया है। जलवायु के घोर संकट के काल में आदिवासी ही हैं जो अपनी सतत् जीवनशैली, अपने पूर्वजों के ज्ञान को आगे बढ़ाते हुए निरंतर इस पृथ्वी में जीवन को संभव बनाये रखा है और बदले में सदैव उपेक्षा और अजनबीपन का शिकार हुए हैं। इन सब के बीच सबसे ज्यादा उपेक्षा और अपनी स्वयं की पहचान ढूंढने वाला पूर्वाेत्तर भारत जहाँ विभिन्न आदिवासी जनजातियाँ निवास करती हैं, जिन्हें बार-बार याद दिलाना पड़ता है कि देश मैं तुम्हारा ही हिस्सा हूँ, दुखद है। इस समय देश में पूर्वाेत्तर राज्यों के निवासियों का भिन्न-भिन्न राज्यों में विभिन्न त्रासदियों से गुजरना भी दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण है। पूर्वाेत्तर भारत को समझने और वहाँ की सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनैतिक स्थिति को जानने के लिए सच्चिदानंद हीरानंद वात्स्यायन ‘अज्ञेय‘ जी के निजी अनुभवों का दस्तावेज जरूर पढ़ा जाना चाहिए जहाँँ उन्होंने अपने सैनिक जीवन में रहते हुए एक शोधार्थी के रूप में पूर्वाेत्तर के प्रमुख राज्यों को करीब से देखा और जिया। उन्होंने अपनी यात्रावृत्तांत ‘अरे यायावर रहेगा याद‘ तथा अपनी प्रमुख कहानियाँ ‘हीली बोन की बतखें‘, ‘मेजर चौधरी की वापसी‘, ‘नगा पर्वत की एक घटना‘, ‘जयदोल‘ एवं ‘नीली हँसी‘ में पूर्वाेत्तर भारत के जनजातियों की जीवन शैली, वहाँ की जातिगत परंपराएँ और विश्वास तथा वहाँ की प्रकृति और वहाँ के लोगों की विडंबनाओं का वास्तविक अनुभव साझा किया है साथ ही वहाँ की प्रचलित दंत कथाएँ, युद्धकालीन परिस्थिति तथा लोगों के संघर्ष को बड़ी कुशलता से चित्रित किया है। 

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पूर्वाेत्तर, आदिवासी, पहाड़ी स्त्री, लोककथा.

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  1. अज्ञेय (2022) अज्ञेय की सम्पूर्ण कहानियाँ, राजपाल एंड संस, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 568।

2. अज्ञेय (2022) अज्ञेय की सम्पूर्ण कहानियाँ, राजपाल एंड संस, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 569।
3. अज्ञेय (2022) अज्ञेय की सम्पूर्ण कहानियाँ, राजपाल एंड संस, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 575।
4. अज्ञेय (2022) अज्ञेय की सम्पूर्ण कहानियाँ, राजपाल एंड संस, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 579।
5. अज्ञेय (2022) अज्ञेय की सम्पूर्ण कहानियाँ, राजपाल एंड संस, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 583।
6. पालीवाल (सं.), रीतारानी (2011) अज्ञेय और पूर्वाेत्तर भारत, वाणी प्रकाशन, दरियागंज, नयी दिल्ली, प्रथम संस्करण, पृ. 25।
7. अज्ञेय (1953) अरे यायावर रहेगा याद?, राजकमल पेपरबैक्स, दरियागंज, नई दिल्ली, पाँचवे संस्करण की भूमिका, पृ. 7।
8. अज्ञेय (1953) अरे यायावर रहेगा याद?, राजकमल पेपरबैक्स, दरियागंज, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 24।
9. अज्ञेय (1953) अरे यायावर रहेगा याद?, राजकमल पेपरबैक्स, दरियागंज, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 147।

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र झारखंड के उत्तरी छोटानागपुर प्रमंडल के सुदूर ग्रामीण एवं पर्वतीय अंचलों में निवास करने वाले जनजातीय समुदायों (विशेषकर संथाल, मुंडा, उरांव और आदिम जनजाति बिरहोर) की सामाजिक-आर्थिक समस्याओं का एक भौगोलिक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। इस अध्ययन का मुख्य उद्देश्य यह जांचना है कि किस प्रकार सुदूरवर्ती क्षेत्रों में भौगोलिक अलगाव और परिवहन तंत्र का अभाव आदिवासियों के पिछड़ेपन का मूल कारण बना हुआ है। इस शोध में वर्णनात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक पद्धति का उपयोग करते हुए प्राथमिक सर्वेक्षण और द्वितीयक आंकड़ों का सहारा लिया गया है। स्थानिक विश्लेषण से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि मुख्य सड़क मार्गों से दूरी बढ़ने के साथ-साथ जनजातीय क्षेत्रों में दूरी-प्रभाव मॉडल के तहत स्वास्थ्य, उच्च शिक्षा और आधुनिक बाजारों तक पहुंच का स्तर अत्यंत निम्न है। सुदूर वनों और पर्वतीय ढालों पर बसे टोलों में बारहमासी सड़कों और सार्वजनिक परिवहन के अभाव के कारण संस्थागत प्रसव की कमी, प्राथमिक स्तर के बाद बालिकाओं का उच्च ड्रॉप-आउट रेट और बिचौलियों द्वारा लघु वन उपज का आर्थिक शोषण जैसी गंभीर समस्याएं पाई गई हैं। इस शोध से यह निष्कर्ष निकालता है कि परिवहन बुनियादी ढांचा, केवल एक भौतिक संपर्क मार्ग नहीं है, बल्कि जनजातीय सशक्तिकरण का एक अनिवार्य उत्प्रेरक भी है। अतः समाधान के रूप में प्रधानमंत्री ग्राम सड़क योजना के प्रभावी क्रियान्वयन, दुर्गम क्षेत्रों के लिए विशेष लघु-सार्वजनिक परिवहन व्यवस्था, और सुदूरवर्ती क्षेत्रों की जीआईएस मैपिंग के साथ-साथ आपातकालीन चिकित्सा हेतु ड्रोन तकनीक जैसी आधुनिक भौगोलिक प्रणालियों के समावेशन की पुरजोर अनुशंसा की जाती है, ताकि इन क्षेत्रों को विकास की मुख्यधारा से जोड़ा जा सके। 

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उत्तरी छोटानागपुर प्रमंडल, जनजातीय समस्याएं, परिवहन भूगोल, भौगोलिक अलगाव, दूरी-प्रभाव मॉडल, बिरहोर. 

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  1. सिंह, एस के (2018) झारखंड प्रदेश की भौगोलिक व्याख्या. राजेश पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली।

2. सिंह, कामेश्वर नाथ (2003) परिवहन भूगोल. ज्ञानोदय प्रकाशन, गोरखपुर।
3. वैष्णव, अखिलेश (2024) परिवहन भूगोल. राजस्थान हिंदी ग्रंथ अकादमी, जयपुर।
4. सिंह, जगदीश (1977) परिवहन एवं व्यापार भूगोल, उत्तर प्रदेश हिन्दी संस्थान, लखनऊ।
5. भारत सरकार एवं झारखंड सरकार (2011) जिला जनगणना हस्तपुस्तिका, हजारीबाग, चतरा, गिरिडीह. जनगणना कार्य निदेशालय, हजारीबाग।
6. झारखंड संरकार (2011) जिला जनगणना हस्तपुस्तिकाः उत्तरी छोटानागपुर प्रमंडल. जनगणना कार्य निदेशालय, हजारीबाग।
7. https://hazaribag.nic.in/ncd/, Accessed on 10/06/2026.

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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हिन्दी नाट्य साहित्य के विकास में डॉ. शंकर शेष का विशिष्ट एवं महत्वपूर्ण योगदान रहा है। उन्होंने अपने नाटकों के माध्यम से समकालीन भारतीय समाज की जटिल सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, आर्थिक तथा सांस्कृतिक परिस्थितियों का यथार्थपरक एवं संवेदनशील चित्रण किया है। उनके नाटकों में मानवीय मूल्यों का क्षरण, सामाजिक विषमताएँ, सत्ता-संघर्ष, नैतिक द्वंद्व, पारिवारिक विघटन तथा व्यक्ति की आंतरिक पीड़ा जैसे विविध जीवन-संबंधी प्रश्न अत्यंत प्रभावशाली ढंग से अभिव्यक्त हुए हैं। उनके नाटक केवल साहित्यिक दृष्टि से ही नहीं, बल्कि मंचीय दृष्टि से भी अत्यंत सफल और प्रभावोत्पादक सिद्ध हुए हैं, जिसके कारण उनका देश के विभिन्न रंगमंचों पर अनेक बार सफल मंचन किया गया है। प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र का उद्देश्य डॉ. शंकर शेष के नाटकों के रंगशिल्प का समग्र एवं विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन करना है। इस अध्ययन में उनके नाटकों की कथावस्तु, चरित्र-चित्रण, संवाद-योजना, दृश्य- विधान, मंच-सज्जा, प्रकाश-योजना, ध्वनि-संयोजन, प्रतीकात्मकता तथा रंग-प्रयोगों का आलोचनात्मक विवेचन किया गया है। उनके रंगशिल्प की प्रमुख विशेषता उसकी सहजता, स्वाभाविकता, संप्रेषणीयता तथा मंचीय प्रभावशीलता है। उन्होंने जटिल रंग-उपकरणों की अपेक्षा सशक्त अभिनय, सजीव संवाद, सघन नाटकीय परिस्थितियों तथा प्रतीकात्मक अभिव्यक्ति के माध्यम से दर्शकों पर गहरा प्रभाव उत्पन्न किया है। डॉ. शंकर शेष ने रंगमंच को मात्र मनोरंजन का साधन न मानकर सामाजिक चेतना, मानवीय मूल्यों की पुनर्स्थापना तथा जन-जागरण का प्रभावी माध्यम बनाया। उनके नाटकों का रंगशिल्प सामाजिक यथार्थ से गहरे रूप में जुड़ा हुआ है, जिसमें व्यक्ति और समाज के मध्य संघर्ष, बदलते जीवन-मूल्य तथा मानवीय संवेदनाओं का सशक्त कलात्मक रूप प्रस्तुत होता है। यह शोध उनके नाट्य-साहित्य की रंगमंचीय विशेषताओं का सम्यक् मूल्यांकन करते हुए हिन्दी रंगमंच में उनके योगदान को रेखांकित करता है साथ ही, यह अध्ययन स्पष्ट करता है कि डॉ. शंकर शेष का रंगशिल्प आधुनिक हिन्दी नाटक को नवीन अभिव्यक्ति, प्रभावी मंचीयता तथा सामाजिक प्रतिबद्धता प्रदान करने में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है।

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नाट्य-साहित्य, रंगशिल्प, सामाजिक चेतना, संवाद-योजना, प्रतीकात्मकता.

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  1. शेष, शंकर (1976) समग्र नाटक. पराग प्रकाशन, दिल्ली।

2. नगेन्द्र (1988) हिन्दी साहित्य का इतिहास. मयूर पेपरबैक्स, नोएडा (उ.प्र.)।
3. सिंह, बच्चन (1993) आधुनिक हिन्दी नाटक. लोकभारती प्रकाशन, प्रयागराज।
4. चातक, गोविन्द (1982) भारतीय रंगमंच. तक्षशिला प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली।
5. लाल, लक्ष्मीनारायण (1985) हिन्दी नाटक और रंगमंच. साहित्य भवन प्रा. लि., प्रयागराज।
6. रस्तोगी, गिरीश (1998) हिन्दी नाटकः सिद्धांत और विकास. लोकभारती प्रकाशन, प्रयागराज।
7. वर्मा, रामकुमार (1964) हिन्दी नाट्य साहित्य का इतिहास. भारतीय ज्ञानपीठ, नई दिल्ली।

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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This study investigates the relationship between teaching attitudes and classroom effectiveness among higher secondary school teachers. A sample of 150 teachers (75 male and 75 female) from Government and private schools in urban and rural areas of Aligarh district was selected using stratified random sampling. Teaching attitude was measured using a standardized Likert-scale questionnaire, while classroom effectiveness was assessed through a combination of self-reported measures, student feedback, and observational checklists. Results indicate a significant positive correlation (r = 0.68, p < 0.01) between positive teaching attitudes and classroom effectiveness. Teachers with more progressive and student-centered attitudes demonstrated higher effectiveness in student engagement, classroom management, and academic outcomes. Differences were observed based on gender, teaching experience, and school type. Implications for teacher training and professional development are discussed.

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Teaching Attitude, Classroom Effectiveness, Higher Secondary Teachers, Teacher Education, Student Engagement.

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  1. Bhattacharyya, S. & Acharya, A. K. (2019) A Study on Teaching Aptitude of D.El.Ed. Trainee Teachers in Relation to Their Academic Discipline & Type of Institutions. International Journal of Basic and Applied Research, 9(3), 295–301

2. Blazar, D. & Kraft, M. A. (2017) Teacher and teaching effects on students’ attitudes and behaviors. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 39(1), 146–170. https://doi.org/10.3102/ 016237 3716670260
3. Gage, C. & Thomas, S. (2019) Elementary teachers’ perceptions of social and emotional learning and its effects on school climate, student behavior, and academic achievement. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3842, August 12, 2019, Accessed on 10/04/2026.
4. Kaushik, A. (2018) Teaching effectiveness of senior secondary school teachers in relation to their teaching attitude towards teaching and organizational climate. Academic Research International, 9(2), 4556. 1287
5. Kothawade, P. L. (2014) Correlative Study of Teaching Effectiveness & Job Satisfaction of Higher Secondary School Teachers. Indian Journal of Applied Research, Vol. 4, Issue. 7, 116-118.
6. Kumari, Anjali; Padhi, Sambit Kumar (2014) A study of teacher effectiveness of secondary school teachers with reference to certain demographic variables International Journal of of Advanced Research. 2 (12). (ISSN 2320-5407). Retrieved www.journalijar.com, Accessed on 14/04/2026.
7. Lwin, U. H. (2012) A study on teacher effectiveness in relation to attitude towards teaching. https://meral.edu.mm/record/5778/files/29.%20U%20Htay%20Lwin%20(267-279).pdf, July 9,2012, Accessed on 09/03/2026.
8. Malik, U. & Kapoor, S. (2013) Teaching effectiveness of school teachers in relation to emotional maturity. Scholarly Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol-2/9, pp. 764-770
9. Pachaiyappan1, P. & Ushalaya Raj, D. (2014). Evaluating the Teacher Effectiveness of Secondary and Higher Secondary School Teachers. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), Volume 4, Issue 1, Ver. V, 52-56
10. Rajammal, P. & Muthumanickam, K. (2012) Intelligence, teaching attitude and job involvement contributes towards teacher effectiveness. Indian Journal of Applied Research. 2(12), 18-22.
11. Singh, Sundara; Rao, G. (2009). Teacher Perception of their Effectiveness as Teacher. Experiments in Education, 28(2), 13.
12. The Dialogue. (2020) Relationship of teachers’ attitude with their teaching effectiveness. Qurtuba University Journal, 15(1), 25–45. https://qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/15_1/ 15_1_2.pdf, Accessed on  12/04/2026.
13. Vidyabharati International Interdisciplinary Research Journal. (2022) Teacher effectiveness of secondary school teachers in relation to their attitude towards information technology. VIIRJ, 12(1), 712. https://www.viirj.org/vol12issue1/2.pdf, Accessed on 24/04/2026.
14. Zee, M. & Koomen, H. M. Y. (2016) Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981–1015. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626801 

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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इक्कीसवीं सदी में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों का स्वरूप तीव्र गति से परिवर्तित हो रहा है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप परंपरागत न्यूटोनियन दृष्टिकोण की व्याख्यात्मक क्षमता सीमित होती दिखाई देती है। राष्ट्र-राज्यों को स्थिर, तर्कसंगत और केवल शक्ति-संतुलन के आधार पर संचालित इकाइयों के रूप में देखने वाली शास्त्रीय अवधारणाएँ आज के जटिल, अनिश्चित और बहुआयामी वैश्विक परिवेश को पूर्णतः स्पष्ट करने में पर्याप्त नहीं हैं। क्वांटम प्रौद्योगिकी, कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता, साइबर डोमेन तथा अंतरिक्ष-आधारित संचार प्रणालियों के विकास ने अंतर्राष्ट्रीय राजनीति में शक्ति, सुरक्षा और रणनीति की पारंपरिक अवधारणाओं को पुनर्परिभाषित किया है। इसी परिवर्तित संदर्भ में क्वांटम अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंध तथा क्वांटम स्टेटक्राफ्ट जैसी नवीन वैचारिक रूपरेखाएँ अंतरराष्ट्रीय राजनीति के अध्ययन हेतु एक अभिनव दृष्टिकोण प्रस्तुत करती हैं। यह अध्ययन भारत-चीन संबंधों का विश्लेषण अलेक्जेंडर वेंड्ट के क्वांटम दृष्टिकोण के आलोक में करता है। शोध का मूल तर्क है कि दोनों देशों के मध्य प्रतिस्पर्धा अब केवल सीमावर्ती विवादों, समुद्री प्रभाव-क्षेत्रों अथवा पारंपरिक सैन्य शक्ति तक सीमित नहीं रही, बल्कि क्वांटम कंप्यूटिंग, कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता, साइबर सुरक्षा, क्वांटम संचार तथा उन्नत प्रौद्योगिकी के अभौतिक क्षेत्रों तक विस्तृत हो चुकी है। इस नई परिस्थिति में अनिश्चितता, पारस्परिक निर्भरता, बहुस्तरीय अंतःक्रिया तथा रणनीतिक उलझाव भारत-चीन संबंधों की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ बनकर उभरते हैं। शोध का उद्देश्य यह प्रतिपादित करना है कि क्वांटम अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों का दृष्टिकोण भारत-चीन संबंधों की जटिलताओं, अप्रत्याशित घटनाओं तथा बदलते शक्ति-संतुलन को समझने के लिए परंपरागत यथार्थवादी प्रतिमानों की अपेक्षा अधिक प्रभावी विश्लेषणात्मक आधार प्रदान करता है। यह अध्ययन समकालीन भू-राजनीतिक विमर्श में एक नवीन सैद्धांतिक योगदान प्रस्तुत करते हुए यह स्थापित करने का प्रयास करता है कि भविष्य की वैश्विक राजनीति को समझने के लिए क्वांटम आधारित वैचारिक प्रतिमान अधिक प्रासंगिक, यथार्थपरक और व्याख्यात्मक सिद्ध हो सकते हैं।

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यथार्थवाद, भू-राजनीतिक, बिलियर्ड बॉल्स मॉडल, क्वांटम अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंध, क्वांटम स्टेटक्राफ्ट, कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता.

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  1. Bajpai, Kanti. (2021) India Versus China: Why they are Not Friends. Juggernaut Books, New Delhi, 1st Edition, p. 210-215.

2. Der Derian, James and Alexander Wendt (Eds.) (2022) Quantum International Relations: A Human Science for World Politics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, p. 1-15. 
3. Farrell, Henry and Abraham L. Newman. (2019) Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion. International Security, Vol. 44, No. 1, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p. 42-79.
4. Garver, John W. (2021) China’s Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China. Oxford University Press, New York, 2nd Edition, p. 45-52.
5. Mearsheimer, John J. (2018) The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, p. 142-148.
6. Mitra, Subrata K. (2023) Revisiting the Asian Century: Quantum Perceptions in Indo-China Diplomacy, Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 3, Sage Publications, New Delhi, p. 341-356.
7. Pant, Harsh V. (2022) India’s Foreign Policy: An Overview. Manchester University Press, Manchester, United Kingdom, p. 112-118.
8. The Hindu. (2025, February 14) Strategic Entanglements: The BRI and India’s Foreign Policy Posture, The Hindu Editorial Section, New Delhi Edition, p. 8.
9. Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979) Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press, Inc. (reprint), Long Grove, Illinois, USA, p. 88-93.
10. Wendt, Alexander (1999) Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, p. 24-26.
11. Wendt, Alexander (2015) Quantum Mind and Social Science: Unifying Physical and Social Ontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, p. 32-35, 145-148.
12. Wendt, Alexander. (2015) Quantum Mind and Social Science: Unifying Physical and Social Ontology. Cambridge University Press, 1st Edition, Cambridge, United Kingdom, p. 145-152, 180-185.
13. Wendt, Alexander. (2015) Quantum Mind and Social Science: Unifying Physical and Social Ontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, p. 250-255.
14. Wight, Colin. (2006) Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, p. 112-116.
15. Zanotti, Laura. (2019) Ontological Entanglements, Agency and Ethics in International Relations: Exploring the Crossroads. Routledge, London, United Kingdom, p. 45-48.

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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मौर्य एवं शुंग काल भारतीय मूर्तिकला के विकास का एक महत्वपूर्ण चरण है, जिसमें यक्ष और यक्षिणी प्रतिमाओं का विशिष्ट स्थान है। ये प्रतिमाएँ प्राचीन भारत की लोकधार्मिक मान्यताओं, सामाजिक जीवन तथा कलात्मक परंपराओं का प्रतिनिधित्व करती हैं। यक्ष एवं यक्षिणियाँ मूलतः प्रकृति, उर्वरता, समृद्धि तथा क्षेत्रीय देवताओं से संबंधित लोक-आस्थाओं के प्रतीक थे, जिन्हें बाद में बौद्ध, जैन और ब्राह्मण धर्मों ने भी अपने धार्मिक ढाँचे में समाहित कर लिया। मौर्यकालीन प्रतिमाओं में विशालकाय आकार, सुदृढ़ शारीरिक गठन तथा प्रसिद्ध मौर्य पालिश का प्रयोग दिखाई देता है, जबकि शुंगकालीन प्रतिमाओं में अलंकरण, कथात्मकता तथा प्रतीकात्मक अभिव्यक्ति का अधिक विकास हुआ। यह शोध-पत्र मौर्य एवं शुंगकालीन यक्ष-यक्षिणी प्रतिमाओं के ऐतिहासिक, धार्मिक तथा कलात्मक पक्षों का अध्ययन करता है। पर्खम यक्ष, दीदारगंज यक्षिणी, भरहुत तथा सांची की यक्षिणी प्रतिमाओं के विश्लेषण के माध्यम से यह स्पष्ट करने का प्रयास किया गया है कि इन प्रतिमाओं ने भारतीय मूर्तिकला की स्वतंत्र परंपरा के निर्माण में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई। अध्ययन से यह भी ज्ञात होता है कि यक्ष-यक्षिणी प्रतिमाएँ केवल धार्मिक प्रतीक नहीं थीं, बल्कि वे तत्कालीन समाज की सांस्कृतिक चेतना, आर्थिक समृद्धि तथा सौंदर्यबोध की भी अभिव्यक्ति थीं।

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यक्ष, यक्षिणी, मौर्यकाल, शुंगकाल, भारतीय मूर्तिकला, लोकधर्म.

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  1. सरस्वती, एस. के. (1957) ए सर्वे ऑफ इंडियन स्कल्पचर, फर्मा के. एल. एम., कलकता, पृ. 52-53।

2. उपरोक्त।
3. गुप्ते, आर. एस. (1972) आइकोनोग्राफी ऑफ दि हिन्दुज, बुद्धिस्ट एण्ड जैन्स, डी. बी. तारापोरेवाला सन्स एण्ड प्रा. लि., मुम्बई, पृ. 175-176।
4. उपरोक्त।
5. अग्रवाल, वी. एस. (1964) दि हेरिटेज ऑफ इंडियन ऑर्ट, पब्लिकेशन डिवीजन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 13-14।
6. उपरोक्त।
7. अग्रवाल, वी. एस.(1965) स्टडीज इन इंडियन ऑर्ट, विश्वविद्यालय प्रकाशन, वाराणसी, पृ. 102-103।
8. उपरोक्त।
9. सरस्वती, एस. के. (1957) पूर्वाेक्त, पृ. 56।
10. सिंह, उपिंदर (2017) प्राचीन एवं पूर्व मध्यकालीन भारत का इतिहास, पियर्सन पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 463।
11. उपरोक्त।
12. उपरोक्त, पृ. 464।

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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This paper evaluates JEEViKA the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (BRLP) implemented by the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society (BRLPS)  as a transformative model for women’s empowerment and sustainable rural development in Bihar. Drawing on program documents, independent evaluations, and academic studies, it analyzes JEEViKA’s tiered institutional structure (Self-Help Groups to Village Organizations and Cluster-level federations) alongside its core interventions in financial inclusion, livelihoods promotion, social inclusion, and capacity building. The study examines tangible economic, social, and political outcomes, highlighting measurable gains in income, household decision-making, mobility, and community leadership. Concurrently, it addresses key limitations such as heterogeneous impacts, challenges in scaling livelihoods, governance risks, and entrenched social norms. Ultimately, the paper provides policy recommendations to enhance JEEViKA’s long-term efficacy in fostering sustainable rural development.

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JEEViKA, Livelihood Linkages, Sustainable Rural Development.

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  1. Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society (BRLPS) (2024) JEEViKA Annual Report FY 2023–24. Patna: BRLPS. Retrieved from BRLPS website, https://brlps.in/UplodFiles/Files/JEEVIKA%20Annual%20Report%20FY%202023-24.pdf, Accessed on 13/10/2025.

2. Datta, N. & others (2015) Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project: Impact evaluation. (Working paper / evaluation reports referenced in program literature) World Bank & BRLPS, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.11.013, Accessed on 13/10/2025.
3. Hoffman, V.; et al. (2021) Measuring Empowerment: JEEViKA’s Success in Empowering the Women of Rural Bihar Results from a Retrospective Survey (World Bank) Retrieved from World Bank documents, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/268451590646314944/pdf/Measuring-Empowerment-JEEViKA-s-Success-in-Empowering-the-Women-of-Rural-Bihar-Results-from-a-Retrospective-Survey.pdf, Accessed on 15/10/2025.
4. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (2018) Poverty and empowerment impacts of the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (JEEViKA) Independent mixed-methods evaluation report, https://www.3ieimpact.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/IE71-Bihar-livelihoods.pdf, Accessed on 15/10/2025.
5. Kumar, N.; et al. (2021) Evidence from self-help groups in India. (Journal article reviewing SHG evidence and empowerment metrics) PM, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X21001947, Accessed on 15/10/2025.
6. Tiwari, M. A. (2016) JEEViKA as a mode of women empowerment. (Program study accessed via BRLPS),https://brlps.in/UplodFiles/Files/Study%20on%20JEEViKA%20as%20a%20Mode% 20of%20Women%20Empowerment.pdf, Accessed on 16/10/2025.
7. World Bank. (2017–2020) Public communications and results articles on JEEViKA and rural women’s collectives. World Bank country pages and news, https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2020/10/16/unleashing-the-power-of-women-collectives-for-rural-development-in-the-indian-state-of-bihar, Accessed on 16/10/2025.

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Publishing Year : 2023

Publishing Year : 2022