Archieved Data

Publishing Year : 2023

JULY TO SEPTEMBER
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 A thorough reading of this research (Global economic volatilities and economic growth in sustainable form) delves into important details like “what is global economic volatilities and reasons behind it” and what are the impacts of the 18th G20 summit to tackle this global issue with its roadmap of economic inclusion, sustainability, and development. We discuss here the role of Indian values and innovations that how we can give fight a global economic problem through economic growth in a sustainable form. As the 18th G20 summit theme is “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” the whole earth is one family and as a family, we should plan things together, phase issues together, and enjoy the taste of success together. 

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 Volatilities, Sustainable, Roadmap, Inclusion, Innovation, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.

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  1. https://www.imf.org 

2. World Economic Outlook Report
3. www.worldbank.org 
4. World economic forum
5. G20 Governance for a Globalized World (by: John J. Kirton. 2016)
6. The G20 Macroeconomic agenda (by: Parthasarathi Shome)
7. Economic Growth and Sustainable Development (by: Peter Hess)
8. United Nations Development Programme report (17 SDGs)
9. G20 Wikipedia

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 Savings and investment are the first two steps in a positive cycle that leads to capital formation in a country. More than any other group of people, Indian households save money for their future. A woman’s salary at the time was simply a secondary source of income. However, the importance of a woman’s income has increased in contemporary culture. Women must invest in order for families to be able to handle the unforeseen catastrophes of life. Male and female investors behave differently, according to a number of research. Women’s lower risk tolerance results in lower investment returns. The purpose of this paper is to examine the investing habits of affluent women. A variety of goods, including gold, mutual funds, loans, preferred shares, stock, investment trusts, policies, and cash accounts are all examined in terms of general knowledge and attitude in the study. The research has also made an effort to identify the variables that affect investors’ decisions the most. Banks have relatively low risk factors for investments, followed by the post office and mutual funds, while mutual funds have significant danger factors.

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 Investment Behaviour, Working women, Types of investments.

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  1. Jisha V G, (2017), A Study on The Perception Of Investment Pattern Among Urban Working Women With Reference To Coimbatore City, International Journal Of Engineering Science And Computing, Volume 7, Issue 2. 

2. Kumar, S., Tomar, S., & Verma, D. (2019). Women’s financial planning for retirement: Systematic literature review and future research agenda. International journal of bank marketing, 37(1), 120-141. 
3. Lorraine Radtke, H. (2017). Feminist theory in Feminism & Psychology [Part I]: Dealing with differences and negotiating the biological. Feminism & Psychology, 27(3), 357-377. 
4. Silvester, M., Gajenderan, V., & Kumar, G. (2020). A study on investment behaviour of working women in Chennai city. The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis, 12, 2763-2774. 
5. Tauni, M. Z., Rao, Z. U. R., Fang, H. X., & Gao, M. (2017). Does investor personality moderate the relationship between information sources and trading behavior? Evidence from Chinese stock market. Managerial Finance, 43(5), 545-566. 
6. Venkatesh G C & Surya Prakash Rao B K, (2018), Investor’s Perception Towards Various Investment Avenues – A Study in Vijayawada City Of Andhra Pradesh, International Journal of Research In Finance And Marketing, Volume 8, Issue 8. 

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 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989, aimed mainly, among many other things, to curb the menace of unregulated transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, especially from developed to the developing states, by introducing measures like notification, prior informed consent, offering capacity building programs and technical assistance for hazardous waste disposal in environmentally sound manner through regional centres in the wake of popular movements against ‘toxic waste colonialism’. However, it is noticed that despite all attempts illegal trade in hazardous wastes continues and so is the increase in annual waste generation. Moreover, South Asian region particularly feels neglected given that no regional centre under Basel convention has been provided for one of the most populous regions of the world. Hence, a lot remains to be done to really achieve the objectives of the convention.

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 Basel, Convention, Colonialism, Dumping, Hazardous, Toxic.

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  1. ‘WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid 19’ (11 March 2020) available at<https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—11-march-2020> last accessed on 1 January 2023.

2. United Nations Climate Action, ‘What is Climate Change?’ available at <https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change> last accessed on 1 Jaunary 2023.
3. UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’; Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating’ (6 May 2019) available  at < https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report/> last accesssed on 1 January 2023.
4. United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe, ‘The UN and the war in Ukraine: key information’ (9 March 2022) available at <https://unric.org/en/the-un-and-the-war-in-ukraine-key-information/> last accessed on 1 January 2023.
5. Sky News, ‘Ukraine war: Vladimir Putin on ‘growing’ threat of nuclear conflict’ (7 December 2022) available at <https://news.sky.com/video/ukraine-war-this-threat-is-growing-putin-on-nuclear-war-12763690> last accessed on 1 January 2023.
6. Myles Allen & others, ‘IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers’ in Masson-Delmotte & others (eds), Global Warming of 1.5°C : An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (CUP 2018)
7. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
8. Sandra Laville, ‘Over 20,000 died in western Europe’s summer heatwaves, figures show’ (The Guardian, 24 November 2022) available at <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/24/over-20000-died-western-europe-heatwaves-figures-climate-crisis> last accessed on 1 January 2023.
9. IPBES, ‘Pollinators Vital to Our Food Supply Under Threat’ (Press Release, 25 February 2016) available at <https://www.ipbes.net/article/press-release-pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat> accessed on 1 January 2023.
10. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Article 1.
11. Laura A W Pratt, ‘Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Re-evaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism And the Global Management Of Transboundary Hazardous Waste’ (2010-2011) 41(2) Tex Envtl L J147, 149.
12. Ibid.
13. UNDESA Sustainable Development, ‘Topics: Chemicals and Wastes’ available at <https://sdgs.un.org/topics/chemicals-and-waste> accessed on 1 January 2023.
14. Supra 11; Lekha Sridhar and Parul Kumar, ‘The New Face of Waste Colonialism: A Review of Legal Regulations Governing the Import of Waste into India’ (2019) 15(2) Socio Legal Review 101.
15. Ved P Nanda, ‘International Environmental Protection and Developing Countries’ Interests: The Role of International Law’ (1991) 26(3) Tex Int’l L J 497. 
16. Ibid; Supra 11.
17. Supra 11 at 162; 
18. Basel Supra 10 , Article 4 & 9. 
19. Supra 11 at 155, 167.
20. Shawkat Alam, ‘Trade Restriction Pursuant to Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Developmental Implications for Developing Countries’ (2007) 41(5) J World Trade 983.
21. Lisa Widawski, ‘In My Backyard: How Enabling Hazardous Waste Trade to Developing Nations Can Improve the Basel Convention’s Ability to Achieve Environmental Justice’ (2008) 38(2) Envtl L 577. 
22. Ibid.
23. Julienne I Adler, ‘United States’ Waste Export Control Program: Burying Our Neighbors in Garbage’ (1991) 40(3) Am U L Rev 885.
24. Ibid; Brian L Greenert, ‘Not in My Backyard, But in Yours: United States Overseas Environmental Policy in Japan and South Korea’ (2015) 27(2) Geo Int’l Envtl L Rev 275.
25. See Basel supra 10, Preamble.
26. Supra 11;Infra 45.
27. See for eg Basel Convention supra 10, Annex III Entry 8.
28. Supra 11.
29. Infra 32.
30. All SAARC member states have ratified the Basel Convention. Maldives was the first one (28 April 1992) and Afghanistan was the last one (25 March 2013). See Infra 32.
31. Article 25 of Basel Convention
32. Parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal available at<https://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/4499/Default.aspx> last accessed on 1 January 2023.
33. Ibid.
34. The Ban Amendment came into effect on 05 December 2019 whereby export of hazardous waste from developed to developing states were banned. Sri Lanka is the only South Asian state to ratify the said amendment.
35. ‘BC-14/12: Amendments to Annexes II, VIII and IX to the Basel Convention’ available at <https://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/PlasticWasteAmendments/FAQs/tabid/8427/Default.aspx> accessed on 1 January 2023.
36. The Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation was adopted at the Fifth Conference of Parties (COP-5) on10 December 1999. It has not yet come into force as it awaits the ratification by at least 20 state parties. See <https://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/LiabilityProtocol/tabid/2399/Default.aspx> accessed on 1 January 2023.
37. See, for eg, ‘The Framework Agreement between the Secretariat of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal and The Government of the Republic of Indonesia on the Establishment of a Basel Convention Regional Centre for Training and Technology Transfer in South-East Asia’ available at <https://www.basel.int/default.aspx?tabid=4845> accessed on 1 January 2023.
38. Capacity building for environmentally sound management of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) oil and PCBs contaminated equipment at ship breaking yard, Alang, Gujarat, India (2011); Assessing the Status of E-waste Recycling in Selected Countries in the Asia-Pacific Region and Facilitating the Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste (2013); Capacity building for promoting synergistic implementation of Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions in Sri Lanka (2013). The funding for each project was of 50000 $, 40000$ and 50000$ respectively. Report available at <https://www.basel.int/Partners/RegionalCentres/SamllGrantProgramme/tabid/5304/Default.aspx> accessed on 1 January 2023.
39. Supra 11;
40. Ibid.
41. Infra 48.
42. The closest BCRC is either in Iran, Indonesia or China. The South Asian region has no actual regional centre. Supra 38 and infra 48.
43. International Law Commission (ILC), ‘Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising From the Diversification and Expansion of International Law’ (18 July 2006) UN Doc A/CN.4/L.702 <https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_l702.pdf> accessed 01/01/2023.
44. Supra 20, 21.
45. Laura supra; Katharina Kummer, ‘The International Regulation of Transboundary Traffic in Hazardous Wastes: The 1989 Basel Convention’ (1992) 41(3) Int’l & Comp. L Q 530; Kimberly K Gregory, ‘The Basel Convention and the International Trade of Hazardous Waste: The Road to the Destruction of Public Health and the Environment Is Paved with Good Intentions’ (2001) 10(2) Currents: Int’l Trade L J 80; Saurabh Bhattacharjee, ‘From Basel to Hong Kong: International Environmental Regulation of Ship-Recycling Takes One Step Forward and Two Steps Back’ (2009) 1(2) Trade L & Dev 193; Gary Cox, ‘The Trafigura Case and the System of Prior Informed Consent under the Basel Convention - A Broken System’ (2010) 6(3) Law Env’t & Dev. J 263; 
46. The Basel Convention,1989, Article 10 and 13.
47. Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal Basel, 10 December 1999, Article 29.
48. As on 01 January 2023, they are 14 in number. See also <https://www.basel.int/Partners/RegionalCentres/TheCentres/tabid/5275/Default.aspx> accessed on 1 January 2023.
49. Infra 53. There is a Stockholm Convention Regional Centre in India though.
50. David Dodds, ‘Breaking up Is Hard to Do: Environmental Effects of Shipwrecking and Possible Solutions under India’s Environmental Regime’ (2007) 20 Pac McGeorge Global Bus & Dev L J 207; Florent Pelsi, ‘The Blue Lady Case and the International Issue of Ship Dismantling’ (2008) 4(2) Law Env’t & Dev. J. 135; Aritra Chatterjee and Bhumika Mallick, ‘Environmental Disasters as a Result of The Ship-Breaking Industry: An Evaluation with Special Reference to Alang, Gujarat (2013) 2 Nat’l LU Delhi Stud L J 23; Mohammad Zulfikar Ali and Prafula Pearce, ‘Shipbreaking in India and Bangladesh: A Comparative Legal Analysis of International Law, Judicial Decisions and Legislation’ (2022) 23 Austl J Asian L 21.
51. Summaries of projects implemented under SGP available at <https://www.basel.int/Partners/RegionalCentres/SamllGrantProgramme/tabid/5304/Default.aspx> accessed on 1 January 2023.
52. SACEP available at <http://www.sacep.org/> accessed on 1 January 2023.
53. UNEP, ‘Report of the Conference of the Parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal on its eighth meeting’ (05 January 2007) UNEP/CHW.8/16 at p26-26; UNEP/CHW.9/INF/8/Add.1; UNEP/CHW.9/INF/9 available at<https://www.basel.int/TheConvention/ConferenceoftheParties/Meetings/COP9/tabid/6146/Default. aspx> accessed on 1 January 2023. See also <http://www.sacep.org/programmes/waste-management> accessed on 1 January 2023.

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 ई-संविदा जिसे अन्य शब्दों में ई-कॉमर्स के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। वर्तमान में वाणिज्य के क्षेत्र में बहुत ही प्रचलित अवधारणा है। तकनीकी विकास के साथ ही साथ ई-संविदाओं में भी इजाफा हुआ है। वर्तमान में इंटरनेट का प्रयोग सामान्य जन अपने दैनिक जीवन की आवश्यकताओं जैसे की वस्तुओं की खरीदारी एवं बिक्री के लिए कर रहा है। ई-संविदा उस संविदा को कहा जाता है जिसको इलेक्ट्रॉनिक माध्यमों से किया जाता है जैसे की ई-मेल, मैसेंजर, एयूएलए आदि। ई-संविदा के माध्यम से कोई भी व्यक्ति घर बैठकर बहुत ही आसानी से अपनी आवश्यकताओं को पूरा कर रहा है। ई-संविदा में सामान्य संविदा की तरह पक्षों का एक दूसरे के आमने-सामने होना आवश्यक नहीं होता है। इस प्रकार की संविदा में पक्षकार इलेक्ट्रॉनिक साधनों का प्रयोग करके देश के एक कोने से बैठकर विश्व में कहीं भी किसी भी व्यक्ति के साथ संविदा कर सकता है वर्तमान शोध पत्र के माध्यम से ई-संविदा की अवधारणा एवं भारत के सन्दर्भ में इससे सम्बन्धित विधि के बारे में अध्ययन किया जायेगा।

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 ई-संविदा, करार, साइबर, प्रौद्योगिकी, इण्टरनेट, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक साधन.

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  1. सिंह, अवतार ,2022 संविदा विधि एवं विनिर्दिस्ट अनुतोष अधिनियम, ईस्टर्न बुक कम्पनी।

2. श्रीवास्तव, एस. एस. 2023, संविदा विधि फर्स्ट एंड सेकंड, सातवां संस्करण, एएलपी।
3. बंगिया, आर के., 2023 भारतीय संविदा अधिनियम, 16वां संस्करण, एएलपी।
4. गोयल बी.क.े, 2021, संविदा विधि के सामान्य सिद्धांत, सिंघल लॉ पब्लिकेशन।
5. झाववाला, एन.एच., 2023, संविदा विधि, सी जमाल दास एण्ड कम्पनी।
6. जैन अशोक, 2023, संविदा विधि, एक्सेंट पब्लिकेशन।
7. एलआईसीआफ इण्डिया बनाम कंज्यूमर एजुकेशन एंड रिसर्च 1811 एससी1995।
8. लालमन शुक्ला बनाम गौरी दत्त 489 ए.एल.जे., 1913।
9. लिली व्हाइट बनाम मनु स्वामी, मद्रास, 13 एससी 1966।
10. भगवान दास गोवर्धन दास केडिया बनाम गिरधारी लाल एण्ड कम्पनी ए.आई.आर. 1966 एस.सी. 543।

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 Air pollution is a major concern in third-world countries as a result of industrialization, modernization, and population growth. In addition, hazardous gases from automobile and industrial exhaust continue to be added to the atmosphere, making the overall concentration of pollutants worse every day. People have come to understand that breathing filthy air might be detrimental to their health. Public health risks like cardiovascular illness, respiratory disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma are on the rise all over the world, and outdoor air pollution is a major contributor. Sources, contaminants, exposures, and health impacts of outdoor air pollution are reviewed, along with the current state of the problem and projected future developments. The purpose of this review was to compile data from various studies to paint a picture of where we stand in terms of understanding the connection between outdoor air pollution and health; to educate the public on the risks associated with prolonged exposure to such pollution, and to suggest strategies for counseling at-risk populations to lessen their exposure.

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 Pollution, Health, Industrialization.

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50. Munn,R.E.(1981).The Design of Air Quality Monitoring Networks, pp.11-15.
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53. Poschl, U., 2005. Atmospher icaerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health effects. Angew. Chem. Int.Ed. 44,7520-7540.
54. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Hertel O, Thomsen BL, Olsen JH.2001.Airpollution from traffic at the residence of children with cancer .AmJE pidemiol 153,433–443.
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 Issues of extinction, endangerment, and conservation of wildlife are discussed in length. The current situation regarding the preservation of animals on a global scale must be known. The best way to protect wildlife is to protect their habitats. Numerous initiatives and practices have been implemented to promote forestation and reduce deforestation. Equally important are efforts to reduce marine pollution by legislation and public education, as well as those to curtail the illegal pet trade, excessive shooting, and hunting.

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 Current trends, Conservation, Biodiversity, Wildlife, Habitat.

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  1. Assal TJ, Anderson PJ, Sibold J. (2016) Spatial and temporal trends of drought effects in a heterogeneous semi-arid forest ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management.  365:137-151.

2. Atuo FA, Timothy JO, Peter UA. (2015) An assessment of socioeconomic drivers of avian body parts trade in West African rainforests. Biological Conservation. 191:614-622.
3. Bayne K, Morris TH. (2012) Chapter 2 – Laws, Regulations and Policies Relating to the Care and Use of NonhumanPrimates in Biomedical Research. Nonhuman Primate in Biomedical Research. (2nd edition):35-56.
4. Blackmore, S., Gibby, M. and Rae, D. (2011) “Strengthening the scientific contribution of botanic gardens to the second phase of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 166, no. 3, pp. 267–281.
5. Butler JRA, Young JC, McMyn IAG, Leyshon B, Graham IM, Walker I, et al. (2015) Evaluating adaptive comanagement as conservation conflict resolution: Learning from seals and salmon. Journal of environmental management. 160:212-225.
6. Challender DW, Harrop SR, MacMillan DC. (2015) Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions. Global Ecology and Conservation. 3:129-148.
7. Claxton, A. M.  (2011) “The potential of the human-animal relationship as an environmental enrichment for the welfare of zoo-housed animals,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol. 133, no. 1-2, pp. 1–10.
8. Daut EF, Brightsmith DJ, Peterson MJ. (2015) Role of non-Governmental organizations in combating illegal wildlife–pet trade in Peru. Journal for NatureConservation. 24:72-82.
9. De Silva S., (2016) Need for longitudinal studies of Asian wildlife in the face of crises. Global Ecology and Conservation. 6:276-285.
10. Dee LE, Horii SS, Thornhill DJ. (2014) Conservation and management of ornamental coral reef wildlife: successes, shortcomings, and future directions. Biological Conservation. 169:225-237.
11. Dimobe K, Ouédraogo A, Soma S, Goetze D, PorembskiS, Thiombiano A. (2015) Identification of driving factors of land degradation and deforestation in the Wildlife Reserve of Bontioli (Burkina Faso, West Africa). Global Ecology and Conservation. 4:559-571.
12. Dudgeon D., Arthington,  A. H., Gessner M. O.  et al., (2006) “Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges,” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 163–182.
13. Edwards DP, Larsen TH, Docherty TD, Ansell FA, HsuWW, Derhé MA, et al. (2011) Degraded lands worth protecting: the biological importance of Southeast Asia’s repeatedly logged forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1702):82-90.
14. Hardesty BD, Good TP, Wilcox C. (2015) Novel methods, new results and science-based solutions to tackle marine debris impacts on wildlife. Ocean & Coastal Management. 115:4-9.
15. Kanagavel A, Parvathy S, Nameer PO, Raghavan R, Raghavan R. (2016) Conservation implications of wildlife utilization by indigenous communities in the SouthernWestern Ghats of India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 1-9.
16. Marques A, Pereira HM, Krug C, Leadley PW, ViscontiP, Januchowski-Hartley SR, et al. (2014) A framework to identify enabling and urgent actions for the 2020 AichiTargets. Basic and Applied Ecology. 15(8):633-638.
17. Morales-Hidalgo D, Oswalt SN, Somanathan E. (2015) Status and trends in global primary forest, protected areas, and areas designated for conservation of biodiversity from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. ForestEcology and Management. 352:68-77.
18. Nijman V, Zhang MX, Shepherd CR. (2016) Pangolin trade in the Mong La wildlife market and the role of Myanmar in the smuggling of pangolins into China. Global Ecology and Conservation. 5:118-126.
19. Noor A, Ahmed K, Mir ZR, Saleem-ul-Haq. (2016) Estimating the abundance of some wild faunal elements of Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary, India. Journal of King Saud University-Science.
20. Piel AK, Lenoel A, Johnson C, Stewart FA. (2015) Deterringpoaching in western Tanzania: The presence of wildlife researchers. Global Ecology and Conservation. 3:188-199.
21. Randhawa N, Gulland F, Ylitalo GM, DeLong R, Mazet JA. (2015) Sentinel California sea lions provide insight into legacy organochlorine exposure trends and their association with cancer and infectious diseases. One Health. 1:37-43.
22. Romañach SS, Benscoter AM, Brandt LA. (2016) Value-focused framework for defining landscape-scale conservation targets. Journal for Nature Conservation. 32:53-61.
23. Santangeli A, Arroyo B, Dicks LV, Herzon I, Kukkala AS, Sutherland WJ, et al. (2016) Voluntary non-monetary approaches for implementing conservation. Biological Conservation. 197:209-214.
24. Schlossberg S, King DI. (2015) Measuring the effectiveness of conservation programs for shrubland birds. Global Ecology and Conservation. 4:658-665.
25. Segan DB, Murray KA, Watson JE. (2016) A global assessment of current and future biodiversity vulnerability to habitat loss–climate change interactions. Global Ecology and Conservation. 5:12-21.
26. Sloan S, Sayer JA. (2015) Forest Resources Assessment of 2015 shows positive global trends but forest loss and degradation persist in poor tropical countries. Forest Ecology and Management. 352:134-145.
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28. Solomon JN, Gavin MC, Gore ML. (2015) Detecting and understanding non-compliance with conservation rules. Biological Conservation. 189:1-4.
29. Tensen L. (2016) Under what circumstances can wildlifefarming benefit species conservation?. Global Ecology and Conservation. 6:286-298.
30. Thurstan RH, McClenachan L, Crowder LB, Drew JA, Kittinger JN, Levin PS, et al. (2015) Filling historical data gaps to foster solutions in marine conservation. Ocean &Coastal Management. 115:31-40.
31. Vincenot CE, Collazo AM, Wallmo K, Koyama L. (2015) Public awareness and perceptual factors in the conservation of elusive species: The case of the endangered Ryukyu flying fox. Global Ecology and Conservation. 3:526-540.
32. Williams S. E.  and Hoffman,  E. A. (2009) “Minimizing genetic adaptation in captive breeding programs: a review,” Biological Conservation, vol. 142, no. 11, pp. 2388–2400.
33. Whittington R. J. and Chong, R.  (2007) “Global trade in ornamental fish from an Australian perspective: the case for revised import risk analysis and management strategies,” Preventive Veterinary Medicine, vol. 81, no. 1–3, pp. 92–116.

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 Cryptocurrency, a digital asset based on decentralized ledger technology, has seen rapid adoption and usage in commercial, economic, and societal contexts. Its regulatory administration and the development of a robust regulatory framework are critical to ensuring the secure and responsible use of cryptocurrencies. In this research paper, we will undertake a comprehensive exploration of the challenges posed by cryptocurrency regulation, shedding light on both the difficulties faced in regulating cryptocurrency transactions and the opportunities that lie ahead for regulatory agencies and Governments.

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 Cryptocurrency, Digital Currency, Regulatory Compliance, Financial Regulation, Decentralized Finance (DeFi), Financial Stability.

Read Reference

  1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.

2. Buterin, V. (2013). Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform.
3. Johnson, M. (2017). Blockchain and Its Impact on Financial Services. Journal of Financial Technology, 1(1), 15-22.
4. Smith, A. (2012). Early Adoption of Cryptocurrencies: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Digital Finance, 2(4), 1-20.
5. Brown, E. (2019). The Mainstreaming of Cryptocurrencies: A Comparative Study. Journal of Financial Technology, 5(2), 45-59.
6. CoinMarketCap. (2023). Cryptocurrency Market Capitalization. Retrieved from [Insert URL].
7. Garcia, M. (2022). Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): Emerging Trends in Cryptocurrency. Digital Finance Institute.
8. Golumbia, D. (2016). Cryptocurrency: A New Regulatory Framework. Journal of World-Systems Research, 22(1), 107-128.
9. G20 Insights. (2019). Regulatory Challenges of Cryptocurrencies: A Global Perspective.
10. Shadab, H. B. (2018). Regulating Cryptocurrencies in the United States: Current Issues and Future Directions. Duke Law and Technology Review, 16, 268-298.
11. Mancini, D. (2019). Cryptocurrencies and the Struggle to Define Digital Property. Harvard Business Law Review, 9(2), 285-325.
12. Gensler, G., & Loyo, R. (2019). Digital Currencies: The Regulatory Framework. The International Lawyer, 53(2), 137-173.
13. European Central Bank. (2019). Crypto-Assets: Implications for financial stability, monetary policy, and payments and market infrastructures.
14. Fatás, A., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Cryptocurrencies in the Public and Private Sectors: Regulatory Challenges and Financial Stability Issues. In The Economics of Fintech and Digital Currencies (pp. 159-176). CEPR Press. 
15. Schwartz, D., Youngs, N., & Britto, A. (2014). The Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm. Ripple Labs Inc.
16. Lee, C. (2011). Litecoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.
17. Hanyecz, L. (2010). Bitcoin Pizza Day. Retrieved from [Insert URL].

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 Tourism is currently one of the fastest growing industries. People are becoming more and more interested in all kinds of activities and are traveling great distances to participate in events that intrigue them. The main findings of the study show that although tourism organizations have become more aware of the potential and importance of events, there are still large differences in how these organizations use events. strategically and the extent to which women in SHGs work around the tourist destination in which they participate. receive. their jobs and income sources are created. Events are their own business and have their own business plans across a number of tourism organisations, who have embedded them deeply into their wider tourism strategies.

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 Tourism, Self-Help Groups.

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  1. Agarwal, B. (1997), “‘Bargaining’ and gender relations: within and beyond the household”, Feminist Economics, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 1-51. 

2. Al-Dajani, H. (2007), Women’s Empowerment: A Comparison between Non-profit and For-Profit Approaches in Empowering Home-Based Women Producers, Ph.D. thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. 
3. Al-Dajani, H. and Marlow, S. (2013), “Empowerment and entrepreneurship: a theoretical framework”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 503-524, doi: 10.1108/ IJEBR-10-2011-0138. 
4. Anand, P., Saxena, S., Martinez, R.G. and Dang, H.H. (2020), Can Women’s Self-Help Groups Contribute to Sustainable Development? Evidence of Capability Changes from Northern India, Discussion paper series IZA DP No. 12940, 55 pages, Bonn. 
5. Anderson, S. and Eswaran, M. (2009), “What determines female autonomy? Evidence from Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 90 No. 2, pp. 179-191.
6. Ardrey, W.J., Pecotich, A., and Shultz, C.J. (2006), “Entrepreneurial women as catalysts for socioeconomic development in transitioning Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam”, Consumption, Markets and Culture, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 277-300. 
7. Ateljevic, J. (2009), “Tourism entrepreneurship and regional development: example from New Zealand”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 282-308.
8. Babbie, E. (1986), The Practice of Social Research, 4th ed., Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.
9. Bagozzi, R.P. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: a comment”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 375-381. 
10. Baikuntha, A.P. and Elizabeth, H.A. (2013), “Homestays as an alternative tourism product for sustainable community development: a case study of women- managed tourism product in rural Nepal”, Tourism Planning and Development, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 367-387.
11. Batliwala, S. (1994), “The meaning of women’s empowerment: new concepts from action”, in Sen, G., Germain, A. and Chen, L. (Eds), Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment and Rights, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Bensemann, J. and Hall, C.M. (2010),
12. Bensemann, Jo and Michael, C Hall (2010), “Copreneurship in rural tourism: exploring women’s experiences”, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 228-244.

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 The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax in India has ushered in a significant digital transformation within the taxation ecosystem. The primary objective behind this transition to GST was to automate tax compliance procedures, resulting in simplified processes and increased generation of tax revenue. Digitization presents numerous advantages for businesses, particularly through the digitization of invoices, also known as e-invoicing. This process initiated with the introduction of digital payment methods and has subsequently led to a transformative shift in business operations. A notable innovation under GST is witnessed in document management practices, where there has been a transition from pre-authenticated excise bills to electronic invoicing systems which enable real-time transaction reporting. By embracing these digital tools, businesses are able to achieve error-free compliance while enjoying substantial benefits. Moreover, this shift towards digitization has greatly benefited not only Government bodies but also tax consultants by streamlining processes and promoting more efficient tax compliance mechanisms.

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 E-Invoicing, E-Way Bill, Dynamic QR, Automated Return Scrutiny, Electronic Filing, Data Triangulation.

Read Reference

  1. Agrawal, M. (2019, July 31). Study of the Leading Sectors of Indian Economy after GST Implementation - A Literature Review. https://scite.ai/reports/10.36895/imr/2019/v13/144363.

2. https://taxguru.in/goods-and-service-tax/mera-bill-mera-adhikar-scheme-gst-lottery-rewards-taxpayers.html accessed on 25/08/2023.
3. https://cleartax.in/s/e-invoicing-gst accessed on 05/09/2023.
4. https://cleartax.in/s/automated-return-scrutiny-for-gst-returns accessed on 28/08/2023.
5. https://blog.saginfotech.com/digitalisation-gst-e-invoicing-speed-up-tax-compliance#:~:text= Technology%20played%20an%20essential%20role,in%20the%20collection%20 of%20tax. accessed on 07/09/2023.
6. https://www.grantthornton.in/insights/articles/driving-digital-transformation-reflecting-on-six-years-of-gst/ accessed on 02/09/2023.
7. https://cfo.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/impact-of-digitisation-in-the-indian-taxation-ecosystem/86806603 accessed on 21/08/2023.
8. https://www.kiams.ac.in/assets/img/library/IMPACT%20OF%20GST%20ON %20DIGITAL %20PAYMENTS%20IN%20INDIA.pdf accessed on 25/08/2023.

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 The development of technologies provides solutions to many current issues and encourages humanity to make constant progress. The regulation of their use in society is coming under equally intense demand. Antitrust laws have been adapting quickly to the changing market, helped by technical advice and suggestions from a variety of international institutions and domestic governments. The same degree to which they are enforced elsewhere, the principles of antitrust policies and data protection must also be upheld in the digital economy. Opponents of Antitrust laws argue that regardless of any merit they may have had in the past, they are irrelevant in a DE1 because of the exponential rate at which dynamic technology development is accelerating. They contend that quick innovation has virtually eliminated the ability to amass market power. Whatever the rate of technological advancement, it is impossible to allow the markets, especially the digital market, to become anarchic since this could pose a threat to the orderly society. Therefore, it is important that we foster an environment where new economic activity may develop. This can be done by supporting sound and rigorous regulatory policy with complementing antitrust policy and by fostering the right regulatory framework for the DE.

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 DE, Big Data, Privacy Right, Law of Data Protection, Antitrust Law.

Read Reference

  1. DE (Digital Economy)

2. (2015) 8 SCC 735.
3. European Union Commission.
4. Competition commission of India .
5. Bose, A, A Review Is Needed : Why India’s Antitrust Regulator Should Scrutinize the Facebook-WhatsApp Merger, COMPETITION LAW INSIGHT (2014) available at :  https://ssrn.com/abstract=2534732, at 3-7 (visited on july 7,2022 )
6. Ibid.
7. Taj Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and others v. Facebook and others ,case No. 83 of 2015.
Mr. umar javed and others v. google LLC., Case no 39 of 2018, the commission opined that mandatory pre-installation of entire GMS suite under MADA amounts to imposition of unfair condition on the device manufacturers and thereby in contravention of Section 4(2) (a) (i) of the Act. It also amounts to prima facie leveraging of Google’s dominance in Play Store to protect the relevant markets such as online general search in contravention of Section 4(2) (e) of the Act.
8. Supra note 3.
9. AIR 1997 SC 568.
10. In Re: Updated Terms of Service and Privacy Policy for WhatsApp Users , suo moto case no 1 of 2021 against WhatsApp LLC and facebook inc.
11. Case No. 15 of 2020.  
12. Case No. 99 of 2016.
13. Civil Appeal no (s).   11843 of 2018.
14. Case C- 238/05.
15. The Competition Act ,2002 (Act 12 of 2003).
16. Supra note 11.
17. In the WhatsApp Suo Moto Order case.
18. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (Act 22 of 2023).
19. Id. s. 17 (3).
20. Appreciable Adverse Effect on Competition.
21. Supra note 19, ss. 6(1),5(2).
22. Case 252/21.
23. General Data Protection Regulation.
Statutes
24. The Constitution of India, 1950. 
26. The Consumer Protection Act, 2019. 
26. The Competition Act, 2002.
27. The Companies Act, 2013.
28. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
Books
29. Abir Roy And Jayant Kumar , competition law in india , (2004)
30. Fels, Allan.(2007).Competition and Regulation. Dhall,Vinod.(Ed.),Competition Law Today.(pp.195-197,206).New Delhi, Oxford University Press.
31. Mehta, S. Prdeep, A Functional Competition Policy For India, (1st edition 2006), Academic Foundation, new Delhi in association with consumer unity and trust Society(CUTS International), Jaipur
32. Taylor, D. Martyn, International Competition Law-A New Dimension For the WTO?,(1st edition 2006), Cambridge University Press, United Kingtom.
33. Dugar, S.M. ,Guide to Competition Law, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, Nagpur, (15th edition2010)

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 वर्तमान युग में परिवर्तन का दौर चला आ रहा है और इस परिवर्तन ने दुनिया को कल्पनातीत ढं़ग से बदल दिया है। दुनिया में आदिम युग से कृषि युग और कृषि युग के पश्चात् औद्योगिक युग में प्रवेश किया, लेकिन इस परिवर्तन के युग ने एक शताब्दी से भी कम समय में दुनिया को औद्योगिक युग से पीछे छोड़कर सूचना के युग में लाकर खड़ा कर दिया है। इस दौरान दुनिया में समाज का एक हिस्सा समृद्धि की सीढ़ी चढ़ गया, किंतु दुसरा हिस्सा गरीबी रेखा ने नीचे बना रहा। तेजी से बढ़ती आबादी, नगरीकरण, औद्योगिकीकरण, वैज्ञानिक तकनीकि ज्ञान के विस्फोट शिक्षा के प्रसार के साथ-साथ समाज में परिवर्तन आ गया। समाज का एक पुर्जा दूसरे के लिए ज्यादा उत्तरदायी हो गया। इन सभी बातों में जनमत को अंतिम प्रभावकारी कारक बना दिया। जनमत की शक्ति व प्रभाव बढ़ने से अब जनसंचार एक महत्वपूर्ण विषय बन गया। “व्यक्ति स्वयं बनता व बनाता है“ इस कथन के आधार पर जनसंचार के वर्तमान स्वरूप को समझना व जनसंचार से जुड़े समस्त क्रियाकलापों के प्रति लोगों की जागरूकता को बढ़ना अत्यंत आवश्यक हो गया है।

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 जनसुचना, जागरण, शिक्षा, औद्योगिकीकरण.

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  1. चोपड़ा, लक्ष्मण, जनसंचार का समाजशास्त्र, आधार प्रकाशन, हरियाणा।

2. दुबे, श्यामाचरण, संचार और विकास, भारतीय उच्च अध्ययन संस्थान, शिमला, हिमाचल प्रदेश।
3. भानावत, संचीव, पत्रकारिता का इतिहास एवं जनसंचार-माध्यम, यूनिवर्सिटी पब्लिकेशस, जयपुर।
4. राजगढ़िया, विष्णु, जनसंचार सिद्धांत और अनुप्रयोग, राधाकृष्ण नई दिल्ली पटना इलाहाबाद।
5. सिंह ओमप्रकाश, संचार के मूल सिद्धांत, क्लासिक पब्लिशिंग कं., दिल्ली।

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 This research examines how crucial corporate communication is to an organization’s efficiency. It highlights the significance of clear communication in delivering correct information, making educated decisions, and promoting a culture of collaboration and openness. The study highlights typical barriers to business communication and suggests solutions. Organizations can offer communication training, promote active listening, and value cultural awareness in order to resolve these issues. Promote smooth information flow through making effective use of digital communication tools and opening up channels of communication that are unrestricted by hierarchies. The paper identifies crucial components of successful communication that support effective messaging. By understanding and implementing the process and elements of business communication, organizations can create a communication-friendly environment that enhances productivity, innovation, and overall success in today’s competitive business landscape.

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 Business Communication, Organizations, Efficiency, Success.

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  1. Harshitha S.; Hussain, Abrar; Manickam, Ramachandran; Saravanan, Vimala. Benefits of Business Communication Skills and Application. Recent trends in Management and Commerce, Vol: 4(2), 2023, REST Publisher; ISBN: 978-81-936097-6-7 (Online)

2. Markovic, Mirjana Radovic;  Salamzadeh Aidin. The Importance of Communication in Business Management. October 2018, Conference: The 7th International Scientific Conference on Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship at Belgrade, Serbia.
3. Business Communication: Definition, Types, Examples, Importance, Methods, Functions – StudiousGuy
4. Five Communication Barriers In Business And How To Fix Them (forbes.com)
5. What Is Business Communication? (With Types And Methods) | Indeed.com India
6. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION: AN INTRODUCTION | Faraz Ali - Academia.edu
7. Significance of communication in business (researchgate.net)
8. (PDF) BUSINESS COMMUNICATION (researchgate.net)
9. Impact of Business Communication on the Performance of Adult Trainees (researchgate.net)

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 आजादी के लिए जो उच्च आदर्श हमारे देेश के लिए मार्गदर्शक हुुए उन्हें संविधान निर्माता हमेेशा के लिए संविधान में संजोकर रखना चाहते थे इसलिए उन्होंने उन आदर्शों को संविधान में उपबंधित किया, जिनमें से पंथनिरपेक्षता एक महत्वपूर्ण उच्च आदर्श है जिसके बिना हमारे देश की कल्पना भी नहीं की जा सकती, क्योंकि भारत एक ऐसा देश है जहाँ विभिन्न जाति और धर्म के लोग निवास करते हैं, परन्तु जनता में धर्मनिरपेक्षता तथा पंथनिरपेेक्षता शब्दों के अर्थों को लेकर अक्सर भ्रम की स्थिति देेखी जाती है। धर्मनिरपेेक्षता तथा पंथनिरपेक्षता के बीच अंतर को समझना तथा हमारे देेश के लिए पंथनिरपेक्षता के महत्व को जानना ही इस शोेध पत्र का उद्देश्य है।

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 संविधान, पंथनिरपेक्ष, धर्मनिरपेक्ष.

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  1. https://www.geomorallife.com/2022/09/dharmnirpeksh-aur-panthnirpeksh-kya-hai.html

2. https://www.gkexams.com/ask/50080-PanthNirpekshata-Par-Nibandh
3. http://www.iasplanner.com/civilservices/hindi/ias-pre/gs-polity/secularism-parliamentary-presidential-republic
4. https://www.jansatta.com/politics/internal-and-eexternaal-problems-before-country-keep-on-changing-they-affect-the-progress-projects-of-the-nation/1764397/lite/#amp__tf= From%20%251%24s&aoh=16894323333765&referrer=https%3A%2F%2F www.google.com
5. https://www.drishtiias.com/hindi/paper1/secularism-4
6. पाण्डेय, जय नारायण, (2022), भारत का संविधान, सेंट्रल लॉ एजेंसी, प्रयागराज, उत्तरप्रदेश।
7. तकवानी, सी. के., (2022), भारत का संविधान, सिंघल लॉ पब्लिकेशंस, दिल्ली।

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 पर्यावरण शब्द की उत्पत्ति परि और आवरण शब्द से मिलकर बना है जो कि फ्रेंच भाषा के शब्द मदअपतवतमद से निकला है जिसका अर्थ है चारो ओर घेरा अर्थात् पर्यावरण का निर्माण ऐसे तत्त्व मिलकर करते हैं जो हमारे चारो ओर प्राकृतिक और मानव निर्मित चीज़े है जिनमें हम सभी जीव साथ साथ रहते हैं। डावर्थ के अनुसार पर्यावरण शब्द का अर्थ उन सभी गहरी शक्तियों एवं तत्वों से है जो व्यक्तियों को आजीवन प्रभावित करते हैं। इतिहास गवाह है कि मानव पर पर्यावरण के प्रभावों और उसकी और प्रकृति के बीच की जो क्रियाएं है वह मानव को प्रभावित करते हैं और जिस प्रकार मनुष्य प्रकृति के कार्यों में हस्तक्षेप करता है और पुनः दोनो मिलकर अपने अपने कार्यों का संपादन करते हैं। इस प्रकार हम यह भी कह सकते हैं कि पर्यावरण का इतिहास के प्रत्येक काल से बहुत गहरा संबंध भी रहा है और मौर्य काल भी इससे अछूता नहीं है।

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 पर्यावरण, सरंक्षण, संवर्धन, प्रकृति, आवरण, संपादन.

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  1. थापर रोमिला, (1975) भारत का इतिहास, राजकमल प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. सं 43।

2. शरण बाबू अवध बिहारी, (1916) मेगास्थनीज का भारत विवरण, नागरी प्रचारणी सभा, आरा बिहार, पृ. सं 12।
3. मुखर्जी राधा कुमुद, (1993) चन्द्रगुप्त और उसका काल, राजकमल प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. सं 215। 
4. शर्मा श्री राम, (1967) विष्णु पुराण, प्रथम खंड (अनुवादित), संस्कृत संस्थान, बरेली, पृ. सं 303।
5. चौधरी हेमचन्द्र राय, (1871) प्राचीन भारत का राजनैतिक इतिहास, किताब महल, इलाहाबाद, पृ. सं 1।
6. विष्णु पुराण, पूर्वोक्त, पृ. सं 303।
7. पांथरी भगवती प्रसाद, (2003) अशोक, किताब महल प्रकाशन, इलाहाबाद, पृ. सं 146।
8. थापर रोमिला, (2001) अर्ली इंडिया, पेंगविन बुक, लंदन, पृ. सं 200।
9. कोशाम्बी डी डी, (1973) द कल्चर एण्ड सिविलाइजेशन ऑफ ऐन्शन्ट इंडिया, विकास पब्लिशिंग हाउस, दिल्ली, पृ. सं 162।

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इस शोध में पुस्तकालय भवन एवं फर्नीचर के बारे में एक विस्तृत अध्ययन किया गया है जिसमें पुस्तकालय भवन के विभिन्न कक्षों के बारें में बताया गया है और उसके मानकों के आधार पर उनके आकार एवं आकर्षण पर भी बल दिया गया है। पुस्तकालय भवनों के महत्व एवं विशेषताओं को समझानें का प्रयास इस शोध में किया गया है। पुस्तकालय भवन निर्माण में किन तत्वों की आवश्यकता होती है उन सभी तत्वों का अध्ययन इस शोध में किया गया है। एक नये पुस्तकालय भवन की योजना बनाते समय संग्रह सेवाओं, कर्मचारियों और पाठक की सुविधाओं पर विचार करना चाहिए साथ ही क्षेत्रीय संदर्भ का मूल्यांकन करना, पुस्तकालय की छवि की समीक्षा भी करना चाहिए। यह शोध वर्तमान की पुस्तकालयों की अवधारणा के विकास में आने वाली चुनौतियों की संपूर्ण जांच करने में सहायक सिद्ध होगा। इनके मिशन, भूमिकाओं का मजबूत जांच करता है। पठन शैली में पुस्तकालयाध्यक्ष को आरम्भिक सूचना संग्रहण और निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से मार्गदर्शन करते है जो कि सभी पाठकों के लिए सफल पुस्तकालय निर्माण सुनिश्चित करती है। इस शोध में नये एवं परिवर्तित एवं नये भवनों के विकल्पों का आंकलन करने के लिए एक सहायक के रूप में कार्य करता है। सुरक्षा और स्थिरता ही सफल इमारतों की प्रमुख विशेषताएं, पहचान और सजावट और संकेत एवं आंतरिक सुविधाओं से परिपूर्ण हो जायेगें। इस शोध कार्य में दुनिया भर के वास्तविक पुस्तकालय के उदाहरणों का एक विशाल संसाधन एकत्र करता है जो कि सीखने का सर्वाेत्तम अभ्यास प्रदान करता है। शोध में विभिन्न मानकों को ध्यान में रखते हुए किसी भी पुस्तकालय में भवन निर्माण व बैठक व्यवस्था किया जाता है। 
मुख्य षब्द

 

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 पुस्तकालय भवन, पुस्तकालय संग्रहागार, पुस्तकालय आकार, सूचना संग्रहण.

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  1. चौरसिया, नीरज कुमार, (16 मई 2017) लाईब्रेरी स्टॉक मैनेजमेंटः एक केस स्टडी, महर्षी मारकंडेश्वर यूनिवर्सिटी हरियाणा।

2. मित्तल, आर. एल.,(1983) लाईब्रेरी एडमिस्ट्रेशनः थ्योरी एंड पैक्टिस, 5वां प्रकाशन, मेट्रोपोलिटन बुक कम्पनी, नई दिल्ली।
3. शर्मा, प्रहलाद, (2012) पुस्तकालय प्रबन्ध, पेज संख्या 203, युनीवर्सिटी पब्लिकेशन, जयपुर राजस्थान। 
4. रंगनाथन, एस. आर. (1960) लाईबेरी मैन्युअलः फॉर लाईब्रेरी आथॉरिटी, लाईब्रेरियन एण्ड लाईबेरी।
5. https://www.studocu.com/in/document/jamia-millia-islamia/library-science/library-building-and-furniture/22975882
6. https://www.slideshare.net/PerumalA2/library-building-furniture-equipment-and-its-standards
7. https://www./Library-Building-Furniture-Design-Planning/dp/8170003814Library-Building-Furniture-Design-Planning/dp/81700038144
8. https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/33057/1/Unit-4.pdf

 


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 Human is the most intelligent creature of the universe. In all the spheres of life activities, he makes use of his mind. To get the solution of these questions the primitive human would have to make an approach of logical reasoning and rational thinking. It clearly indicates that mathematical phenomena prevailed in human beings from very beginning. Therefore mathematics is an important aspect of human life and it is all pervasive in very branch of knowledge. In different areas & practical life of the Emotional Intelligence has its own importance but it is present in sufficient quantity in every student it is not necessary. In those students who possess high level of emotional intelligence are capable to face life problem easily and are successful in their life. And those who possess learnt ability has to face a lot of problem in their life. Schools should exist to educate young person’s for effective living in democracy, therefore education in democracy both within and without the schools should increase knowledge, idea, habit, powers and interest whereby he will find his place and will use that place to shape himself and society.

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 Emotional Intelligence, Primitive Human, Logical Reasoning, Knowledge, Rational Thinking.

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  1. Adnan, H. A., Desa, A., Wan Sulaiman, W. S., Ahmad, M. I., & Mokhtar, D. M. (2014). Emotional intelligence and religious orientation among secondary school students. Journal of Malaysian Psychology, 29(1), 1-17.

2. Castillo, R., Salguero, J. M., Fernández-Berrocal, P., & Balluerka, N. (2013). Effects of an emotional intelligence intervention on aggression and empathy among adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 36(5), 883-892.
3. Chamani, O. B. M. (2016). The relationship between emotional intelligence and religious attitudes with mental health of high school students in Neka City. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3 S2), 118.
4. Jeloudar, S. Y., Yunus, A. S. M., Roslan, S., & Nor, S. M. (2011). Teachers’ emotional intelligence and its relation with classroom discipline strategies based on teachers and students’ perceptions. Journal of Psychology, 2(2), 95-102.
5. Makwana, M. D., & Kaji, S. M. (2014). Adjustment of secondary school students in relation to their gender. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(1), 5-12.
6. Pant, N., & Srivastava, S. K. (2019). The impact of spiritual intelligence, gender and educational background on mental health among college students. Journal of religion and health, 58, 87-108.
7. Roothman, B., Kirsten, D. K., & Wissing, M. P. (2003). Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. South African journal of psychology, 33(4), 212-218.
8. Zohrevand, R. (2010). Comparing self concept, academic self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, gender beliefs and gender contentment among high school girls and boys and the proportion of these variables in predicting their academic achievement. Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(3), 45-72.
9. Zeidner, M., Shani-Zinovich, I., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2005). Assessing emotional intelligence in gifted and non-gifted high school students: Outcomes depend on the measure. Intelligence, 33(4), 369-391.

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 प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र का मुख्य उद्देश्य अध्ययन क्षेत्र की कुटीर उद्योग की वर्तमान स्वरूप का पता लगाना, साथ ही भविष्य में संभावना की खोज करना। इस शोधपत्र को पूरा करने के लिए प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक आंकड़ों का सहारा लिया गया है। साथ ही इसमें प्रतिदर्श विधि का प्रयोग किया गया है। साथ ही इसमें वर्णनात्मक -सह- विश्लेषण विधि का भी प्रयोग किया गया है। इस शोधपत्र के अंतर्गत कुटीर उद्योग के संभावनाओं का पता लगाया गया है। प्रस्तुत शोध में यह प्रस्तुत करने का प्रयास किया गया है कि हजारीबाग सामुदायिक विकास प्रखंड में किस प्रकार कुटीर उद्योग जैसे- पशुपालन, मुर्गी पालन, डेयरी फार्मिंग उद्योग, पत्तल-दोना उद्योग, मिट्टी का बर्तन, चिप्स उद्योग और चावल मिल का विकास किया गया है साथ ही इन क्षेत्रो में भविष्य की डायरी संभावनाएं की व्याख्या की गई है। इस क्षेत्र में चुटियारों, सेखा, रोला, मोरांगी, हुटपा, मेरू, सिंघानी, हरहद, करबेकला और अन्य ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में विस्तृृत रूप में विकास किया गया है। अतः कहा जा सकता है कि यहां की निश्चित भौगोलिक दशा के आधार पर कुटीर उद्योग का विकास किया जा सकता है। 

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 कुटीर एवं लघु उद्योग, परंपरागत उद्योग, डेयरी उद्योग.

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  1. सिंह, सरोज कुमार (2015), “झारखंड प्रदेश की भौगोलिक व्याख्या” नई दिल्ली, राजेश पब्लिकेशन।

2. तिवारी, राम कुमार (2017), “झारखंड का भूगोल” नई दिल्ली, राजेश पब्लिकेशन।
3. गौतम, अलका (2013), “आर्थिक भूगोल के मूल तत्व” इलाहाबाद, शारदा पुस्तक भवन।
4. मौर्य, एस डी (2014), “आर्थिक भूगोल” इलाहाबाद, प्रवालिका पब्लिकेशन।
5. https://www.postmayor.com
6. https://liveinhindi.com
7. https://bharatdiscovery.org
8. https://moneyinnovate.com
9. https://www.digicgvision.in

 


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 Micro teaching is a widely recognized and effective method used in teacher training programs to enhance classroom effectiveness. This paper explores the concept of micro teaching and its impact on teacher training and classroom instruction. It discusses the various components and processes involved in micro teaching, highlighting its benefits and significance in developing teaching skills.The paper emphasizes the importance of micro teaching as a tool for providing hands-on training and feedback to prospective teachers. It explores how micro teaching allows educators to break down the complex task of teaching into manageable segments, enabling them to practice and refine specific teaching techniques. By utilizing controlled and simulated teaching situations, micro teaching offers a safe and supportive environment for novice teachers to experiment, learn from their mistakes, and develop confidence in their instructional abilities.Furthermore, the paper discusses the role of micro teaching in promoting reflective practice among teachers. It emphasizes the significance of self-reflection and peer observation in the micro teaching process, allowing teachers to critically analyze their teaching methods, identify areas for improvement, and make necessary adjustments to enhance their instructional practices.

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 Micro teaching, Effectiveness, feedback, Peer Observation.

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  1. Anderson, D. L., Barr, D., & Baij, C. L. (2012). Repetitive microteaching: Learning to teach elementary social studies. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 3(2), 21-44. 

2. Arifin, S. R. M. (2018). Ethical consideration in qualitative study. International Journal of Care Scholars, 1(2), 30-33. 
3. Arsal, Z. (2015). The effects of microteaching on the critical thinking dispositions of preservice teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 140-153. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2014v40n3.9
4. Austin, M. J., & Rust, D. H. (2015). Developing an experiential learning program: Milestones and challenges. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 27(1), 143-153. 
5. Banga, C. L. (2014). Microteaching, an efficient technique for learning effective teaching. Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, II(XV), 2206-2211. 
6. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315456539 
7. Dhital, R., Subedi, M., Prasai, N., Shrestha, K., Malla, M., & Upadhyay, S. (2015). Learning from primary health care centers in Nepal: Reflective writings on experiential learning of third year Nepalese medical students. BMC Research Notes, 8, 741-749. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1727-2 
8. Eksi, G. (2012). Implementing an observation and feedback form for more effective feedback in microteaching. Education and Science, 37(164), 267-282 
9. Rhodes, Greece, October 2016. Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.11.33 Herrera, R. F., Vielma, J. C., & Muñoz, F. C. (2017). Microteaching: A new way to perform oral presentations by engineering students. Global Journal of Engineering Education, 19(3), 285-290.
10. Smith, J. R., & Johnson, L. K. (2020). The Impact of Micro Teaching on Teacher Professional Development. Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 25(3), 123-145.

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 सुभाष चन्द्र बोस (1897-1945) एक उग्र राष्ट्रवादी देशभक्त थे। उन्होंने आध्यात्मिक आदर्शवादी के रुप में अपना जीवन आरम्भ तो किया परन्तु अन्तिम समय में राजनीतिक और सामाजिक यथार्थवादी बन गये। ब्रिटिश शासन के प्रति तीक्ष्ण शत्रुता उनके व्यक्तित्व का सार था। उन्हें समझौतावादी पद्धति में विश्वास नहीं था। वे प्रबल कर्मयोगी थे। उनकी शक्ति की अभिव्यक्ति उनके राजनीतिक कृयाकलाप से हुई। सिद्धान्तकार अथवा राजनीतिक विचारक न होते हुए भी उन्होंने देश के राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन की गतिविधि तथा विकास के संबंध में गहन चिंतन-मनन किया। उनकी रचनाओं में कुछ सैद्धांतिक महत्व के राजनीतिक व सामाजिक विचार निहित हैं इसलिए वे आधुनिक भारतीय राजनीतिक व सामाजिक चिंतन के इतिहास में स्थान पाने के अधिकारी हैं।

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 आदर्शवाद, यथार्थवाद, राष्ट्रवाद, मानवतावादी, लोकतंत्र, समाजवाद.

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  1. बोस, सुभाष चंद्र, (1965) ’एन इंडियन पीलग्रीम’ एशिया पब्लिशिंग हाउस, बम्बई, पृ.-122।

2. बोस, सुभाष चंद्र, (1997)‘द इंडियन स्ट्रगल’ (1935-42) ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, पृ.-409।
3. बोस, सुभाष चंद्र, (1965) ’एन इंडियन पीलग्रीम’ एशिया पब्लिशिंग हाउस, बम्बई, पृ.-134।
4. वर्मा, वी. पी., (2010) ’आधुनिक भारतीय राजनीतिक चिंतन’ लक्ष्मी नारायण अग्रवाल प्रकाशन, आगरा, पृ.-558।
5. बोस, सुभाष चंद्र, (1965) ‘एन इंडियन पीलग्रीम’ एशिया पब्लिशिंग हाउस, बम्बई, पृ.-142।
6. बोस, सुभाष चंद्र, (1997) ’द इंडियन स्ट्रगल’(1920-34) ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, पृ.-112।
7. बोस, सुभाष चंद्र, (सं.) शिशिर कुमार बोस, (1997) ’नेताजी संपूर्ण वाड्मय‘ खण्ड-6 प्रकाशन विभाग सूचना और प्रसारण मंत्रालय भारत सरकार, पृ.-23।
8. बोस, सुभाष चंद्र, (1997) ’द इंडियन स्ट्रगल’ (1920-34) ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, पृ.-408।
9. वही पृ.-413।
10. वही पृ.- 413-14।
11 .सुभाष चंद्र बोस (सं.) शिशिर कुमार बास ’नेताजी संपूर्ण वाड्मय‘ खण्ड-6 पृ.-34।
12. ह्यूग, टोय, (1959) ’द स्प्रिगिंग टाईगर’ः ए स्टडी ऑफ रिवोल्यूशनरी, लन्दन कैसेल, पृ.-86, 146।
13. बोस, सुभाष चंद्र, (1997) द इंडियन स्ट्रगल’’(1920-34) ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, पृ.-413-14
14. द इंडियन एनुवल रजीस्टर, (1938) वोल्यूम-1 पृ.-340।
15. वही पृ.-341।
16. वही पृ.-341।
17. सिंह, मोहन, (1947) ’कांग्रेस अनमास्कड’ देश सेवक पार्टी ऑफ इंडिया, पृ.-119-38।
18. बोस, सुभाष चंद्र, (1997) ‘द इंडियन स्ट्रगल‘ (1935-42) ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, पृ.-120।
19. द इंडियन एनुवल रजीस्टर (1938) वोल्यूम-1 पृ.-408।
20 सेलेक्टेड स्पीचस ऑफ सुभाष चंद्र बोस पब्लिकेशन डीवीजन भरत सरकार, (2017), पृ.-142।
21. वर्मा, वी. पी., (1997) ’आधुनिक भारतीय राजनीतिक चिंतन’ लक्ष्मी नारायण अग्रवाल प्रकाशन, आगरा, पृ.-560।

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 Indian society is based on caste. A person’s status is determined based on the caste system. The caste system is considered strict is a person cannot change his caste during his lifetime. A profession is always associated with a caste. It becomes equally difficult for a person to change his profession. The present research paper is entirely based on secondary data. This research is done to know the extent of business mobility in Mochi caste of major Ahmedabad provided come on is especially the Mochis of Saurashtra and Kutch an eminent Mochi of caste and Banas kantha the directory of occupational mobility within a caste can be ascertained both in terms of their traditional occupation and the changed form of occupation. A Mochi living in Ahmedabad Caste also has many differences regarding occupation. As the level of education increases, in the traditional profession a decrease in trend is observed. Second, the nature of traditional business has changed. Earlier they used to make boots and shoes by themselves. Now there are shops or showrooms selling boots. Boots-shoes, socks are not made by themselves, but bring ready and sell. The amount of those who make it themselves is negligible. Saurashtra Kutch Hindu Mochi Samaj and Banas kantha ‘s Directory of Gujarati Mochi Samaj families have business dynamism.

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 Mochi Caste, Occupation, Other Backward Classes, Education, Mobility.

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  1. Hindu, Saurashtra, (2017) Mochi Samaj Darshan, Part 2,. Ahmedabad.

2. Vaghela  Anil, (2019) First Edition Gujarati Social Geography, Publication Ahmedabad.
3. Hutton, JH, Pandurang Pandey, Ganesh Dash, (1966): “The Caste Organization of Hindustan” Gujarat University Ahmedabad.
 

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 Advent of social media platforms, individuals around the world have access to a wealth of information, providing opportunities for increased political participation. Jammu and Kashmir, a region with a complex socio-political landscape, presents a unique context to explore the impact of social media on political awareness, especially among women. The objective of this study is to analyze the role of social media platforms in promoting political awareness among women of Jammu and Kashmir, amplifying women of J&K voice and considering the challenges and opportunities presented by the socio-cultural and political environment of the region.

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 Social Media, Political Awareness, Jammu & Kashmir, Women.

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  1. Al-Sharqi, L, Hashim, K & Kutbi, I. (2015). Perceptions of Social Media Impact Comparison between Arts and Science Students. International Journal of Education and Social Science, 2(4), 122-131.

2. Al-Sharqi, L, Hashim, K & Kutbi, I. (2015). Perceptions of Social Media Impact Comparison between Arts and Science Students. International Journal of Education and Social Science, 2(4), 122-131.
3. J.L.Sher. (2014). Kashmir on the Burning Pyre. Delhi: Jeoffry and Bell Publications.
4. Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (2014). Activists beyond borders. Cornell University Press.
5. Keck, M.E., & Sikkink, K.(2014). Activist beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press
6. Loader, B. D., Vromen, A., & Xenos, M. A. (2016). Performing for the young networked citizen? Celebrity politics, social networking and the political engagement of young people. Media, culture & society, 38(3), 400-419.
7. Loader, B.D.,Vromen.,A. & Xenos, M.A. (2016). Performing for the young networked citizen ? Celebrity politics, Social networking and the political engagement of young people . Media , Culture &Society , 38(3), 400-419.
8. Opayemi, Emanuel Olowo.(2018). The Role of Media in Social Networking and Political Awareness in the Public. IQSRJournal of Mobile Computing & Application 5(4), 06-09.
9. Opeyemi, O. E. (2018). Role of Social Networking and Media in Political Awareness in Public. IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing & Application, 5(4), 6-9.
10. Perloff, R. M. (2021). The dynamics of political communication: Media and politics in a digital age, New York: press.
11. Shabir, G., Hameed, Y. M. Y., Safdar, G., & Gilani, S. M. F. S. (2014). The Impact of Social Media on Youth: A Case Study of Bahawalpur City. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(4), 132-151.
12. Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New media & society, 18(9), 1817-1839.
13. Skoric, M.M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., &Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement : A meta –analytical review. New Media &Society, 18(9), 1817-1839.
14. Statham, Anne. (2000). Environmental Awareness and Feminist Progress. The Johns Hopkins University, vol. 12, 89–104.
15. Suman, Swarn.(2014). Social Media: Sampark kranti ka kal, aaj aur kal. Noida: Hopercolis publisher Cornell India.
16. Vidya, B. R. (1985). State Politics and Government of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu: Jay Kay Book House.
17. Zaller, R Jhon . (1992).The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, New York: Cambridge University Press.
18. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10703/72638
19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323534762 Empowerment of Rural women: A study of Kashmir valley

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 प्राचीन काल में भारत में गुरूकुल शिक्षा पद्धति प्रचलित थी, जो मुख्य रूप से ब्रह्मचर्य की अवधारणा पर आधारित थी। मध्यकाल में शिक्षा मकतब, खानकाह, मस्जिद, दरगाह आदि में दी जाती थी। भारत में ब्रिटिश आधिपत्य स्थापित होने के बाद कंपनी ने अपनी औपनिवेशिक अर्थव्यवस्था के तहत तथा अपने राजनीतिक, प्रशासनिक व आर्थिक आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए अंग्रेजों ने अंग्रेजी शिक्षा व्यवस्था को लागू करने का निश्चय किया और इसके लिए 1813 ई. का चार्टर एक्ट के द्वारा 1835 में लॉर्ड मैकाले का विवरण पत्र लाया गया। इस नीति के माध्यम से ज्यादातर अंग्रेजों को फायदा हुआ और भारतीय लोगों व शिक्षाविदों को इससे लाभ नहीं के बराबर रहा।

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 गुरूकुल, ब्रह्मचर्य, औपनिवेशिक, 1813 ई. का चार्टर एक्ट, 1835 का लॉर्ड मैकाले का विवरण-पत्र.

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  1. शर्मा, जी.एन., (1998) ‘राजस्थान का सांस्कृतिक इतिहास’, राजस्थान हिन्दी ग्रंथ अकादमी, जयपुर।

2. ग्रांट, चार्ल्स, (1792) ‘ऑब्जर्वेशन ऑन दी स्टेट ऑफ सोसाइटी अमंग दि एशियाटिक सब्जेक्ट्स ऑफ द ग्रेट ब्रिटेन’, लंदन।
3. सिंह, ए.के., (2012) ‘शैक्षिक प्रबंध एवं विद्यालय संगठन’ साहित्यागार, जयपुर, पृ. 205।
4. चोपड़ा, पुरी, दास, (2002) ‘भारत का व्यापक इतिहास’ स्टर्लिंग पब्लिशर्स प्रा.लि., पृ. 67।
5. सुन्दरलाल, (2018) ‘भारत में अंग्रेजी राज’ प्रभात प्रकाशन, पृ. 175।
6. सिंह, ए.के., पूर्वाेक्त, पृ. 205।
7. नाइक, जे.पी., सैयद नुरूल्लाह, (1974) ‘‘भारत में छात्रों का शिक्षा का इतिहास (1800-1973)’’ भारत की मैकमिलन कंपनी।
8. सिंह, ए.के., पूर्वाक्त, पृ. 208।

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 प्रस्तुत शोध आलेख ’’छत्तीसगढ’’़ में आदिवासियो का विद्रोह’ अंचल में ही नही प्रत्युत राज्य एवं देश में भी एक विशिष्ट महत्व है। मध्यप्रदेश में आदिवासियों की संख्या सर्वाधिक रही है। अलकेला अस्तर जिला केरल राज्य व अेल्जियम, फिलिपाईन्स, इजरायल जैसे देशों से भी क्षेत्रफल में विशाल है। इसके अतिरिक्त झाबुआ, मण्डला, सरगुजा, व रायगढ़ आदिवासी बहुल जिलें हैं। ब्रिटिश एवं मराठा शासन के अत्याचार से बस्तर के परलकोट क्षेत्र में अबूझमाड़ आदिवासियसो के साथ लूटखसोट, शोषण एवं अत्याचार सैनिकों द्वारा किया जाने लगा, तब अबूझमाड़ियों आदिवासियों के द्वारा परलकोट के जमींदार गेंदसिंह के नेतृत्व में अबूझमाड़ियों ने मराठों को रसद आपूर्ति में सहायक बंजारों को लूटा, मराठों और अंग्रेजों पर आक्रमण किये। 24 दिसम्बर 1824 को मराठों एवं अंग्रेज अधिकारियों के शोषण नीति के विरुध्द जमींदार गंेदसिंह के नेतृत्व में विद्रोह हुआ। 20 जनवरी 1825 को परलकोट के जमींदार गेंदंिसंह को फांसी दे दी गई। 

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 आदिवासी, विद्रोह.

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  1. एल्विन, वेरियर, (1991) दि अगारिया, विनय प्रकाशन, ऑक्सफोर्ड युनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, दिल्ली, बम्बई, कलकत्ता, मद्रास।

2. कश्मीरी, श्याम, नारायण, (1947) छत्तीसगढ़ क्रान्ति की लपटों, नागपुर सोशलिस्ट पार्टी।
3. गुप्ता, प्यारे लाल, (1973) प्राचीन छत्तीसगढ़, रविशंकर वि.वि. प्रकाशन (रायपुर)।
4. ठाकुर, भगवान सिंह, (1986) छत्तीसगढ़ का इतिहास, सेन्ट्रल बुक हाऊस, रायपुर।
5. ठाकुर, केदारनाथ, (1982) बस्तर भूषण अर्थात् बस्तर राज्य का वर्णन, फुलवारी पारा, रतनपुर।
6. ठाकुर, हरिनारायण, (2001) छत्तीसगढ़ के रत्न भाग-1 आशीष प्रेस रायपुर 1955-09 तिवारी विजय कुमार, छत्तीसगढ़ का एक भौगोलिक अध्ययन मुंम्बई।
7. तेलंग, बी.आर. (1996) छत्तीसगढ़ हल्बी बोलियों का भाषा वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन, हिन्दी ग्रन्थ रत्नकार बम्बई।
8. देवगांवकर, एस.जी. कोरम, (1956) र्ट्राअबल्स, नई दिल्ली 1990 नायर टी.बी. दि भील्स ए. स्टडी. नई दिल्ली।
9. नायक, टी.बी. (स) (1970) छत्तीसगढ़ में गांधी जी, वि.वि. प्रकाशन रायपुर।
10. नायडु, पी.आर., (1997) भारत के आदिवासी विकास की समस्याएँ, राधा पब्लिकेशन नई दिल्ली।
11. परिहार, दिनेश नंदिनी, (2003) प्राचीन छत्तीसगढ़ सामाजिक आर्थिक इतिहास, यूनिवर्सिटी पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली।

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बाल अपराध की उत्पत्ति काफी जटिल और अंत संबंधित कार्य का परिणाम है जिसकी प्रवृत्ति बहुत हद तक व्यक्तिगत होती है। प्रत्येक बाल अपचारी अपने आप में एक सामाजिक तथा मनोवैज्ञानिक रूप से पीड़ित होता है। इस प्रभाव की प्रवृत्ति हर बालक में अलग-अलग होती है। समाज शास्त्रीय जॉन्स ने ठीक ही कहा है कि “बाल अपचार पैदा नहीं होती है। दरअसल यह देश के सामाजिक जीवन का ही हिस्सा है और जैसे-जैसे सामाजिक संगठन बदलते हैं, इसकी प्रकृति भी बदल जाती है।” यह हर देश, हर काल और हर समाज में पाई जाती है, अतः इसके निदान के उपाय भी देश काल और विशेषता परिस्थितियां के अनुकूल ही होना चाहिए।
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 बाल अपराध, संप्रेक्षण गृह, समाज, मनोवैज्ञानिक, सामाजिक संस्थाएं, अनुकूल.

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  1. Ahuja, Ram & Ahuja, Mukesh.2006. Foospukred अपराधशास्त्र, Rawat publications, Jaipur, P.116.

2. Besant,Anny. 1942, The School Boys as a Citizen, Madras, ,P.3.
3. Bhattacharya, S.K. 2004. “The Juvenile Justice System in India from welfare to rights”, Oxford University Press.
4. Burt, Cyiil, The Young Delinquent, P.129.
5. Caldwell, R.G. 1956, Criminology, P240.
6. Chandra, Sushil .1967. “Sociology of Deviation in India”, Allied Publisher Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. p.1.
7. Clinard, Marshall B.S. Deniel, J. Abbott .1973. “Crime in Developing Countries”, New York.
8. Cloward, R. And Ohlin, L. 1960. “Delinquency and Opportunity”, New York, Free Press.
9. Gillin & Gillin.1945. Criminology and Penology  (3rd Ed.) New York: Appleton Century.
10. Glueck & Glueck.1956, Physique and Delinquency, New York, P.64.
11. Goyel, C.P. 1965. “A Study of Five Hundred Delinquents in relation to Home and Social Situation”, Unpublished Ph.D. Thysis, Agra.
12. Jones, Juvenile Justice Act, 1986, Juevenile Delinquency  and Law, P.9.
13. Knudten and Schafter.1970, Juvenile Delinquency ; An Introduction, Random House, New York, P.29.
14. Kumari, Manju. 2000,  भारत में बाल अपराध, Printwell Publishers, Jaipur, P.4.
15. Mishra, Mamta May. 2002. “Juvenile Delinquency and the Urban Society”, Merut : Anu Books.
16. Neumeyer, M.H. 1961, Juvenile Delinquency in modern society , New York, P.194.

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 We are living in the age of information technology where every aspects of life has affected by it. Specially the applications and services available on Internet are very useful and important in our daily life. As it is available through smart mobiles phones in every one‘s hand the total scenario has changed in world as well as in our state of Chhattisgarh also. Smart mobiles plays a vital role in the field of marketing, purchasing ,medical, politics, social and educational field also .Now days the communication, education and learning through internet is very common, less expensive ,fast, and popular for every person. In the last few decades, mobile phones have been rapidly growing. But the use of smart mobiles in education and learning boomed during the pandemic of COVID19. Now students are habitual to use mobiles for education, though they are now going to their school /colleges off lines for getting education in traditional way. Students of rural areas of Chhattisgarh state are getting benefit of smart mobiles by using social networking sites , study materials using multimedia and animations available on internet sites, getting supports of those Teachers who are in urban areas and guiding for better score in exams. But rural students are getting less benefit from smart mobiles as compared to urban students due to- some technical problems, lack of awareness, availability of study materials mostly in English medium, lack of resources etc. The holy land of Chhattisgarh is rich of resources if their school going students of remote areas will be fully benefitted by features of smart mobiles along with social connectivity then they can change their rural scenario also.

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 Internet, Smart Mobile, Covid19, Social Networking Site.

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  1. https://www.dreamgrow.com/top-15-most-popular-social-networking-sites/

2. https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/a-brief-history-of-online-education/
3. https://leverageedu.com/blog/educational-websites
4. https://eduportal.cg.nic.in/
5. www.patrika.com
6. Sodh Sarita. vol 7, issue26
 

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 आदिवासियों को व्यवस्था और सरकारें अति-पिछड़े समुदायों की गिनती में रखती हैं वह चाहे दस्तावेज हों या व्यवहारिक जीवन-सिद्धांत की कसौटी हो। आज आदिवासी साहित्य हमारी सांस्कृतिक परम्परा का जरूरी हिस्सा है. बावजूद इसके नगरीकरण की हवस ने आदिवासी जीवन को बहुत नष्ट किया है। उन्हीं की बनाई हुई चीजों से शहर आबाद हो रहे है, लेकिन आदिवासी आज भी बुनियादी अधिकारों क लिए संघर्षरत हैं। ध्यातव्य है की मुख्यधारा का साहित्य, कला और संस्कृति भी लम्बे समय से आदिवासी जीवन-दर्शन से विमुख रही है बल्कि हिकारत भरी भी रही है। प्रस्तुत शोध-आलेख कला और साहित्य में आदिवासी संस्कृति की पहचान को रेखांकित करता है। 

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 आदिवासी, संस्कृति, साहित्य, कला.

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  1. हमारे समय में श्रम की गरिमा- कांचा आइलैया (अंग्रेजी से अनुवादः भरत त्रिपाठी)

2. आदिवासी साहित्यः परंपरा और प्रयोजन- वन्दना टेटे
3. गुंडा धुर की तलाश में- नन्दिनी सुंदर
4. जंगल के दावेदार -महाश्वेता देवी  
  5. आदिवासी अस्तित्व और झारखंडी अस्मिता के सवाल -डॉ. रामदयाल मुंडा
6. समकालीन जनमत -दिसम्बर 2009, वन अधिकार कानून और आदिवासी-जंगलराज के हवाले
7. समकालीन जनमत- सितम्बर 2003, आदिवासीः मिथ और यथार्थ
8. रेणु का कथा-गायनः सौंदर्य और सीमाएं दृरणेन्द्र, पहली बार ब्लॉग

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 कबीर हिंदी साहित्य के बहुचर्चित संत-कवि हैं जिन पर लम्बे समय से लिखा-पढ़ा जा रहा है। कबीर की कविताई में संतों की वाणी या अध्यात्म तो खोजा गया लेकिन जुलाहे कबीर पर कम ही ध्यान दिया गया। कबीर कहते हैं-’ मैं काशी का जुलाहा’ तो एक तरह से वे घोषणा करते हैं कि उनकी पहचान उनकी बुनकारी से है। स्पष्ट है इस देश में रोटी, कपड़ा और मकान बनाने वालों में कबीर कपड़ा बनाने वाले जुलाहे हैं, अतः उनका जीवन और दर्शन श्रम पर आधारित है। यह श्रम का दर्शन ही है जिसने कबीर को यह साहस दिया कि वे काशी के कथित पढ़े-लिखे विद्वानों से बहस कर सकें। कबीर न शिक्षित थे न ही धनवान! और तो और तत्कालीन समय में जाति-वर्ण व्यवस्था और ज़्यादा ताकतवर थी। कथित रूप से श्रेष्ठ जाति के व्यक्ति सम्मान था। निश्चित रूप से जुलाहे कबीर के श्रम-दर्शन ने ही उसको यह विश्वास दिया कि वह तल्ख़ होकर समाज की कुरीतियों और असमानता आदि पर स्पष्ट बोल सके।

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 कबीर, हिंदी साहित्य, श्रम.

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  1. द्विवेदी, हजारीप्रसाद, (1990) कबीर, राजकमल प्रकाशन, नयी दिल्ली।

2. अग्रवाल, पुरुषोत्तम, (2012) अकथ कहानी प्रेम की, राजकमल प्रकाशन, नयी दिल्ली।
3. हाली, जॉन स्ट्रेट्न, (2019) भक्ति के तीन स्वर, मीराँ सूर कबीर, राजकमल प्रकाशन, नयी दिल्ली।
4. पाण्डेय, मैनेजर, (2012) (पाँचवाँ संस्करण) भक्ति आंदोलन और सूर का काव्य, लोकचेतना प्रकाशन।

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 This article describes the nature of consciousness and its place in the Philosophy of mind. The term “consciousness” can be used to describe any mental or conscious state. Consciousness represents the entire conscious state of the mind. One must know or be aware of one’s own state of mind. According to Searle. Consciousness is a biological feature of human brains and certain animal brains. The peculiarity of the human brain is that it differs markedly from other biological organs in its ability to generate and sustain the vast diversity of our conscious lives throughout Part. What matters is the relationship between events occurring in the brain and their personal subject. Introspective experiences that together make up our inner soul life David Chalmers discusses this problem in terms of the relationship between Physics and Psychics and Psychics and Phenomenology, dividing the problem of consciousness into light and heavy problems. A simple problem lies in explaining consciousness in terms of cognitive connections such as identification, integration, and behavioural control. The difficult question is why these features should be associated with a phenomenal experience.

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 Conciousness, Psychics, Phenomenology.

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  1. Colin McGinn. The Problem of Consciousness: Essays Towards a Resolution. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1991.p. 46.

2. Cottingham. John. Robert, StoothoiT. Ugland. Murdoch: (trans) The Philosophical IVrittings of Descartes; Vol.2 , p. 51 .
3. Cottingham. John. Robert. StoothoiT. Ugland. Murdoch (trans.). The Philosophical Writ (ings of Descartes; Vol.2, Murray Printing Company. Westford. 1984. p.51
4. David J. Chalmers. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theorv, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, p.3
5. Dennett D.C., “Lacing Backwards on the Problem of Consciousness”. In Explaining Consciousness— The Hard Problem, (ed.) Jonathan Shear, p. 34.
6. Dennett, C., Consciousness Explained,  Allen Lane. The Penguin Press, New York. 1991. p.21. 
7. Jagwon, Kim. Philosophy of Mind, Westview Press. Oxford. 1996. p. 155.
8. McGinn, C., The Problem of Consciousness: Essays Towards a Resolution, p. 13. 
9. Searle, J., The Rediscover of Mind, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994, p. 90.
10. Wittgenstein, I., NoteBooks: 1914-1916 (ed.). G.II.Von Wright. G.H.M. Anseombc. Basil Blackwell. Oxford. 1979. p.82. 

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 ‘जब मनुष्य का जन्म ही माँ के गर्भ से होता है जिससे समाज का निर्माण होता है तो समाज के संचालन की नीति (राजनीति) उनके बिना कैसे पूरी हो सकती है..?‘‘ महिलाओं की राजनीतिक भागीदारी मानव समाज के चहुंमुखी संतुलित विकास एवं संचालन हेतु अत्यंत आवश्यक प्रतीत होता है। भारत ही नहीं वरन् संपूर्ण विश्व में पुरूष वादी सामाजिक दृष्टिकोण में परिवर्तन वांछित है, जिससे संपूर्ण मानव सभ्यता अपनी चरम उत्कर्ष को प्राप्त कर सके। शिक्षा के प्रसार के कारण, आज विश्व परिदृश्य परिवर्तित होते हुये नजर आ रहा है। महिलाओं के प्रति उदार भाव, संवेदना, समानता, प्रेम एवं सम्मान में क्रमिक वृद्धि हो रही है जिसके कारण ही विश्व के अनेक राष्ट्रों में महिलाओं की, समाज के प्रत्येक क्षेत्रों में सहभागिता एवं सक्रियता बढ़ रही हैं। महिलाऐं धरती से लेकर अंतरिक्ष, चांद सभी जगहों एवं अवसरों पर पुरूषों के साथ कंधे से कंधे मिलाकर अपने अदम्य साहस, योग्यता एवं क्षमता को सिद्ध करते हुये अपने अस्तित्व को श्रेष्ठता के साथ समाज में स्थापित कर रही हैं।

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 भारतीय, राजनीति, महिला, समाज.

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  1. आर्या, अशोक (2015), ‘‘भारतीय राजनीति में महिलाओं की भूमिका‘‘ जयपुर, जर्नल ऑफ एडवांसेज एण्ड स्कॉलइजी रिसर्च इन एलीड एजुकेशन।

2. उषा, बाला एण्ड शर्मा, अंशु (1986) इण्डियन वोमेन फ्रीडम फाइर्ट्स-1857 टू 1947, नई दिल्ली।
3. शर्मा, प्रज्ञा (2011), ‘‘महिला विकास और सशक्तिकरण‘‘ जयपुर, आविष्कारक पब्लिशर्स एण्ड डिस्ट्रीब्यूटर्स।
4. सोलंकी, ललिता (2015), ‘‘महिला आर्थिक सशक्तिकरण एवं पंचायती राज,‘‘ क्लासिकल पब्लिशिंग कम्पनी, नई दिल्ली। 
5. गुप्त, विश्वनाथ (2015), ‘भारत में पंचायती राज’ सुरभि प्रकाशन, दिल्ली।
6. कुमारी ममता, (2018), ‘पंचायती राज, महिला सशक्तिकरण यथार्थ के आइने में’, भारतीय राजनीति विज्ञान शोध पत्रिका अंश द्वितीय।
7. सारस्वत, स्वपनिल एवं सिंह, निशांत (2004), ‘समाज, राजनीति और महिलाएं’, राधा पब्लिकेशन्स, नई दिल्ली।
8. नन्दा, वी. आर. (1990), इण्डियन वोमेन फ्राम पर्दा टू माडर्निटी, लन्दन।
9. अस्थाना, प्रतिमा (1974), वोमेन्स मूवमेन्ट इन इण्डिया, दिल्ली,
10. Loksabhahindi.nic.in
11. Rajyasabha.nic.in
12. Navbharat News Paper

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 Soft skills are abilities which relate to how one works and how he interacts with other people. Employers search for soft skills in the candidates because these are hard to teach but are important for long term success.Soft skills differ from hard skills because hard skills are technical and job specific skills.

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 Skills, Leadership, Responsibility, Honesty, Time Management, Flexibility.

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  1. Bass, B. M., Theory of transformational leadership redux The leadership Quarterly, 6(4)(1996), pp.463-478

2. Bem, D. J. (1967). Self – perception : An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomenon. Psychological review, 74 (3), 183.
3. Bem., D.J. (1972).” Self-Perception theory”. In L. Berkowitz(Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol.6 1-62, New York: Academic Press.
4. Bennet, N. (2003). Effective Leadership. Anam Publishers, London.
5. Blasé, J., S. Blasé, J.R.(1994) Empowering teachers : What successful principals do.Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
6. Bong, M., and Clark., R.E.(1999). Comparision between self-concept and self – efficacy in academic motivation research. Educational Psychologist, 34,139-154.
7. Bradford, D.L. S Cohen, A.R.(1997) Managing for excellence: The leadership quide to developing high performance in contemporary organizations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
8. Cimatti  B.,  International Journal for quality research,2016 – bollettinoadapt.in
9. Definition, development, assessment of soft skills and their role for the quality of organizations and enterprises. 
10. Developing soft skill in students M.Wats, R.K. Wats - International Journal of learning, 2009 –search.ebscohost.com
11. Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in today’s work place
12. Fazio, R. H. Zanna, M.P., & Cooper, J.(1977). Dissonance and self – perception : An integratiVE view of each theory’s proper domain of application. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(5), 464-479.
13. Hard evidence on soft skills JJ Hcekman, T Kautz, Labour Economics 2012- E1sevier.
14. Hirsch  B J, Kappan Phi Delta, (2017)  Wanted : Soft – Skills for today’s jobs, Journals. sagepub.com
15. Kechagias K, (2011) Teaching and assessing soft skills , researchgate.net
16. Khan, S. & Anjum, M.A., (2013). Role of leadership style and its Impact on Gettying Competitive Advantage. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(2), pp.53-61.
17. Komaki, J.L. (1986) Toward effective supervision: An operant analysis and comparison of managers at work. Journal of applied Psychology, 71(2),p.270.
18. Leithwood, K. (2004) Educational Leadership. The Laboratory for students Success, A Review of the Research, Philadolphia: Laboratory for student Success, Temple University.
19. Leithwood,K; S Jantzi, D. Explaining variation in teacher’s perceptions of Principal’s Leadership effectiveness. Journal of educational administration.
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21. Mars, H.W.(1993 ). Academic self-concept : Theory measurement and research. In J. Suls(Ed) ; Pychological Perspective on the self, 4, 59-98. Hills dale, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Mendals P., (2012). The effective principal: 5 pivotal practices that shape Instuctional leadership. Jouranal of staff Development. 33(1)
23. Mills J., Comment on Bem’s - Self-perception: An alternative inter pretation of cognitive dissonance Phenomena. “ Psychologyical Review”, 1967,74,535.
24. Mulford, B., Silins, H.(2001). Leadership for organizational learning and improved student outcomes – What do we know? NSIN Research Matters. 15, Autumn, 1-8.
25. Oredein A.O, (2004), Predictors of managerial effectiveness in schools, Anam Publishers.
26. Priest R.F., Swain J.E. Humor and its implications for leadership effectiveness. Humor,15(2) (2002), PP 169-190
27. Rables M M, (2012) Business communication quarterly,  Journals.sagepub.com
28. Shamir B., House R.J., Arthur M.B., (1993) The Motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4(4), pp.577-594
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31. Vincent Grugulis S, (2009) whose skill is it anyway? ‘Soft’ skills and polarization i.  – Work, employment and society, journals.Sagepub.com
32. Wats M., Wats R K, (1997) Developing soft skills in students. International Journal of Learnmies Press.
33. Yavuz, O. (2016). Educational Leadership and comprehensive Reform for improving Equity and Access for All. International Journal of Educational Policy and Leadership, 11(10), 1- 21.
34. Yuki, G. (2008). How leaders influence organizational effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly,19(6), 708-722.
35. Zaccaro, S.J. (2001). The nature of executive leadership : A conceptual and empirical analysis of success. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

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 छत्सीसगढ़ राज्य, हाथकरघा एक प्रमुख कुटीर उद्योग एवं बुनाई कला की एक समृद्ध परम्परा को स्थापित किए हुए है। इस उद्योग में रोजगार की विपुल सम्भावनाओं एवं बुनाई के समृद्ध सांस्कृतिक महत्व को देखते हुए राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर अखिल भारतीय हस्तशिल्प व हाथकरघा बोर्ड, केन्द्रीय सिल्क बोर्ड, बुनकर सेवा केन्द्र (वस्त्र मंत्रालय) एवं राज्य स्तर पर राज्य वस्त्र निगम, हस्तशिल्प व हाथकरघा विकास निगम, ग्रामोद्योग विभाग, छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य हाथकरघा विकास एवं विपणन सहकारी संघ मर्यादित आदि कार्यक्रमों के माध्यम से हाथकरघा बुनकरों के कल्याण एवं बुनाई उद्योग को बढ़ावा दिया जा रहा है। छत्तीसगढ़ का हाथकरघा देश की अर्थव्यस्था मेेें महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। यह देश की विरासत को संरक्षित करने का एक और तरीका है। शिल्प कौशल के क्षेत्र में इसकी उत्कृष्टता की एक लंबी परपंरा रही है, इसलिए यह एक विशिष्ट स्थान रखता है। छत्तीसगढ़ हथकरघा उद्योग में न्यूनतम आधारभूत संचरना लागत के साथ बड़े पैमाने पर ग्रामीण अजीविका प्रदान करने की क्षमता है। चुंकि कार्य का यह क्षेत्र उत्पन्न बिजली से स्वत्रंत है, इसलिए यह अतिरिक्त ताकत और उद्योग की वृध्दि का कारण है। इस क्षेत्र का लाभ संभावित कौशल प्रसार, कम पूजी गहनता और बड़ी संख्या में लोगों को रोजगार देने की क्षमता है। वर्तमान समय में जब बेरोजगार युवाओं के लिए नौकरियों की भारी कमी है, तो यह उनके लिए सबसे अच्छा विकल्प बनता जा रहा है। 

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 हाथकरघा, कौशल प्रसार, रिवाल्विंग फण्ड योजना, सिंडिकेटेड लेखों, अंशपूंजी ऋण.

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  1. वार्षिक रिपोर्ट, 2021-22ः वस्त्र मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार. 

2. सिंह चांदनी एवं प्रधान विजेन्द्र (2019) ‘उत्तर प्रदेश में हाथकरघा बनुकारों की समस्याएं’ वाराणसी जनपद का अध्ययन,International journal of Innovative Social Science and Humanities Research,Vol 6, No.3, July- sept, page 29, 30.
3. देवांगन दीपा एवं टांडेकर के. एल. (2018) ‘‘ग्रामीण उद्योगांे का आर्थिक विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका’’ (राजनांदगाव जिले में खादी ग्रामोद्योग के अंतर्गत हाथकरघा उद्योग के विशेष संदर्भ में) V Publication, International Journal of Reviews and Research in social sciences, Vol.6, Issue-2, Page 183, 184.
4. जोशी प्रमोद (2018) ‘‘हाथकरघा उद्योग में रोजगार की अपार क्षमता’’, कुरुक्षेत्र, मासिक अंक 12, अक्टूबर 2018, पृष्ठ 24, 25.
5. देवांगन बलभद्र प्रसाद (2017) ‘‘हाथकरघा कोसा बुनकरों का आय विश्लेषण’’ (रायगढ़ जिले के विशेष संदर्भ में) KAAV International Journal of Economics, commersce and Business Management, July- sep., Vol-4 /ISSN-3/A-43, page No. 292,293.
6. वार्षिक आमसभा पत्रिका (2013-14) छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य हाथकरघा विकास एवं विपणन सहकारी संघ मर्यादित, रायपुर.
7. Dewangan, B.P. (2005): ‘ An Analytical Industry of Income and living stendard of Handloom Kosa Weavers’ (Special Referance to Raigarh District) Unpublished Ph-D. Thesis,  Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur (C.G.)
8. पाण्डेय इति (1991) ‘‘हाथकरघा उद्योग में रोजगार एवं आय का अध्ययन’’ (रायगढ़ जिले के विशेष संदर्भ में), शोध-प्रबंध, गुरु घासीदास वि.वि., बिलासपुर.
9. पाण्डेय अंजली कुमार (1988), ‘‘बस्तर जिले के कोसा उद्योग में कार्यरत श्रमिकों का रोजगार एवं कार्यदशाओं का अध्ययन’’, शोध-प्रबंध, रविशंकर वि.वि., रायपुर.
10. Ambest B.P. (1973) : Kosa Industry in Chhattisgarh, Ph.D. Thesis, R.S.U.,Raipur.
11. Naneker, R. K. (1960) : Handloom Industry in Madhyapradesh, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nagpur.
12. https:// ruralindustries.cg.gov.in.

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 Women population constitutes more than 48% of the total population in India and they greatly contribute directly or indirectly in the economic activities of the nation. Their services towards economic and non-economic activities have been taken for granted specially in rural India. Now the time has come that we must recognize the role of women fraternity in the development of economy, society and family. An attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the role of self employed rural women in economic activities as the empowerment of them by addressing three dimensions: economic empowerment, social empowerment and personal empowerment. This study has been conducted in the Tehsil-Pichhore, distt- Shivpuri in the state of M.P. by collecting primary data through schedule, interviews and observation. Collected data have been analyzed by using percentage analysis, ‘Test of significance of difference between proportions’ and ‘Yule’s Coefficient of Association’ statistical tools. The findings indicate that self employment not only helps women to generate additional income but also enables them economically independent and self-sufficient. The paper also gives some suggestions to make the effective role of women in economy.

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 Women Empowerment, Self Employment, Personal Development, Rural Women, Economic Independent, Social Status.

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  1. Agrawal L. B., (2006), Basic Statistics, New Age International.

2. Bhoganadam Syamala Devi, M. H. (2014). Women’s Empowerment and Economic Developmen. Excel International Journal of Multidisciplinary, Management studies, 4 (8), 100-107.
3. Chowdhury TT, M. K. (2016). Employment and empowerment of rural women in Mymensingh DIstrict of Bangladesh. Progressive Agriculture, 3 (27), 301-310.
4. Delhi-Chudali H, Chaudhary A., and Ali, Md. H., ( 2011) Socio-Economic Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Nepalese people, Economic Affairs, 56(2).
5. Fatima, S. (2020). Economic Empowerment of RUral Women in India: An Exclusive Approach.
6. Gupta C. S., Kapoor V.K. (2020), Fundamental of Mathematical Statistics, S.Chand & Sons.
7. Kumar Naveen and Agrawal Suresh Chanda, (2003)Patterns of Consumption and Poverty in Delhi Slums, Economic and Political Weekly, 38(50).
8. Mazumdar Manashi, M. M. (2015). Empowerment of RUra Women Through entrepreneurship- An Overview. International Research Journa of Interdisciplinary & Multidiscipinary Studies, 1 (1), 165-172.
9. Mazumdar, M. M. (2015). Empwoerment of Rural Woman Through Entrepreneurship-an over view. International Research Journal of Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary Studies, I (I), 165-172.
10. Pavithra B.S. (2008), An Economic Analysis of Food Consumption Pattern in Karnataka with Special reference to Mysore District. Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.sc.in Agricultural Economics.
11. Sethi Narayan, Pradhan Hemanta Kumar (2012), The Patterns of Consumption Expenditure in Rural Households of Western Odisha of India: An Engel Ratio Analysis, OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development.
12. T. Paaneeswari, M. S. (2013). Empoertment of Rural women Through Self employment - A study with special reference to Thiruthangal in VIrudhunagar District. Excel international journal of multidisciplinary management studies, 2 (6), 58-68.
13. Yadav, Subah Singh, (1994) Gramin vikas ke naye kshitij, Manak publications pvt. Ltd. 
14. NSSO 63rd round report, Level and Pattern of Household Consumer Expenditure in Delhi.
15. Economic Survey (2021-22), Govt. of India.
16. Census of India, 2011.
17. https://www.who.int
18. https://www.census2011.co.in

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 Mental health education refers to the process of providing knowledge, skills, and understanding about mental health and well-being to individuals, particularly within educational settings such as schools. Its objectives are to increase understanding, reduce the stigma surrounding mental illness, and provide people with the skills they need to take care of their mental health and get the help they need when they need it. Our emotional, mental, and social health make up our mental health. It involves teaching pupils how to care for their mental health and well-being, identify signs of mental illness in others and oneself, and get assistance when required. A friendly and healthy learning environment that encourages academic and personal achievement can be created with the help of mental health education, which is why it is crucial in schools.

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 Mental illness, Behaviour, Stress, Psychology, Awareness, Anxiety.

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  1. Adlington K., Easter A., Galloway H., Howard L. M. Mental health is neglected in maternal ear miss research. BMJ . 2022;12:1–10.

2. Bonnie RJ, Stroud C, Breiner H, editors. Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults: Young Adults in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2015.
3. Gururaj G, Varghese M, Benegal V, Rao GN, Pathak K, Singh LK, et al. National Mental Health Survey of India, 2015-16: prevalence, patterns and outcomes. Bengaluru: National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, NIMHANS Pub-lication. 2016;129.
4. Jain, M., and S. Singh. 2015. Locus of control and its relationship with mental health and adjustment among adolescent females. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour. Vol. 20 No. 1, p. 16.
5. Lindgren H. C., Mental Health in Education. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1954.
6. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. All India Survey on Higher Education 2018-2019. Available: http://aishe.nic.in/aishe/reports. Accessed: 12 February 2020.
7. Patel V, Flisher AJ, Hetrick S, McGorry P. Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge. Lancet. 2007;369:1302-13.
8. WHO/UNESCO/UNICEF: Comprehensive School Health Education; Suggested Guidelines. For Action. World Health Organization. Geneva. 1992.
9. Adolescent Peer Educators’ Orientation Course in Life Skills, Gender& Well-being, Training Manual for Peer Educators and Teacher Facilitators, Expressions India (Revised 2019)

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 मोटे अनाजों में प्रचुर मात्रा में पोषक तत्व होने के बावजूद इनका उपभोग बहुत कम मात्रा में किया जाता है जिसका मुख्य कारण हरित क्रांति के बाद गेहंू एवं चावल के उत्पादन में तीव्र वृद्धि होने से इन्होनें आम आदमी के उपभोग, स्वाद व आदतों में अपनी विशिष्ट जगह बना ली है। आज देश मे मोटे अनाजों का उत्पादन बढ़ाने के लिए पहले इनकी लोकप्रियता व उपयोगिता बढ़ाने के लिए विस्तृत कार्य योजना बनाकर अमल में लायी जाने की महत्ती आवश्यकता है। इस दिशा में प्रयास करते हुए मोटे अनाजों में पाये जाने वाले पोषक तत्वों, उनके उपयोग से दूर होने वाली बीमारियों तथा अन्य लाभों के बारे में आम-जन को अवगत करवाया जाना आवश्यक है। अतः मोटे अनाजों के उत्पादन की तरफ ध्यान देकर समाज में पोषण, संवर्धन, पर्यावरण के अनुकूल कृषि और बेहतर लाभ अर्जन के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।

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 मोटे अनाज, पोषण, पर्यावरण अनुकूल एवं उत्पादन, कुपोषण, स्वास्थ्य.

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  1. कृषि मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार।

2. रिपोर्ट राष्ट्रीय परिवार स्वास्थ्य सर्वेक्षण (NFHS)-5, भारत सरकार। 
3. आर्थिक समीक्षा, वर्ष 2022-23, भारत सरकार।
4. आर्थिक समीक्षा, वर्ष 2022-23, राजस्थान सरकार।
5. दैनिक समाचार पत्रः दैनिक भास्कर, राजस्थान पत्रिका।

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 रेलवे स्टेशनों के साथ-साथ चलित रेलगाड़ियों में अपराध की रोकथाम और उसका पता लगाना, मामले को पंजीकृत करना, उसकी जाँच करना तथा विधि व्यवस्था को बनाये रखना; आदि कार्य राज्य सरकार का सांविधिक दायित्व होता है। इस दायित्व की पूर्ति हेतु सम्बधित राज्यों में राजकीय रेलवे पुलिस कार्यरत् है। राजकीय रेलवे पुलिस द्वारा रेलवे स्टेशनों व रेलगाडियों में सुरक्षा व्यवस्था बनाये रखने हेतु सामान्य अनुक्रम में स्टेशन परिसर में प्रवेश व निकासी पर, विशेष रूप से प्लेटफार्म पर, यात्री यातायात के नियंत्रण, बुकिंग कार्यालयों, प्रतीक्षा हाल, स्टेशन परिसर में वाहनों और अन्य यातायात पर नियंत्रण, स्टेशन परिसर में अपदूषण फैलाने वाले दोषी व्यक्तियों को गिरफ्तार करना, भिखारियों को रेल परिसर से दूर रखना, बीमार यात्रियों को अस्पताल भेजने हेतु वाहन की व्यवस्था करना; इत्यादि प्रमुख कर्तव्य अधिरोपित किये गये है। रेलवे बोर्ड स्तर पर यात्री सुरक्षा को ध्यान में रखते हुये हेल्पलाइन नम्बर 1800111322 जारी किया। उत्तर मध्य रेलवे ने महिलाओं की सुरक्षा को ध्यान में रखते हुये टोल फ्री नं. 18001805315 जारी किया गया है। रेल सुरक्षा बल द्वारा रात्रि के दौरान महिला सवारी डिब्बों, रेलवे स्टेशन और यार्डों पर निगरानी रखना, अप्राधिकृत रूप से माल बेचने वालों, महिला डिब्बों, और आरक्षित डिब्बों में प्रवेश करने वालों, टिकटों के दलालों, छत पर यात्रा करने वालों, चेन खीचने वालों आदि पर रेल अधिनियम, 1989 के सुसंगत प्रावधानों के अन्तर्गत विधिक कार्यवाही सुनिश्चित करना है। रेल संरक्षण विशेष बल द्वारा आंतकवाद संभावित, नक्सलवाद प्रभावित और सुभेद क्षेत्रों में रेलवे सुरक्षा प्रदान करने का कार्य कर रही है। रेल सुरक्षा को अत्याधिक सुदृढ़ करने के लिये ‘महिला रेल संरक्षण विशेष बल’ का गठन किया गया है। कर्तव्य पालन में भूल होने की स्थिति में राजकीय रेलवे पुलिस एवं रेल सुरक्षा बल को विधिक संरक्षण प्रदान किया गया है।

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 राजकीय रेलवे पुलिस, रेलवे सुरक्षा बल, यात्री सुरक्षा, रेलवे स्टेशन, रेलगाड़ी, रेलवे सुरक्षा विशेष बल.

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  1. भारतीय दण्ड संहिता, 1860

2. पुलिस अधिनियम, 1861
3. रेल (द्वितीय संशोधन) अधिनियम, 2003
4. रेल संरक्षण बल नियम, 1987
5. रेल संरक्षण बल अधिनियम, 1957
6. रेल अधिनियम, 1890
7. रेल अधिनियम, 1989
8. दण्ड प्रक्रिया संहिता, 1973
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Railway_Police
10. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1893664

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 This empirical research examines the effectiveness of multi-factor investing strategies in improving portfolio performance and risk management in global equity markets. The study focuses on six key factors: size, value, profitability, investment, momentum, and quality. Through historical data analysis and construction of multi-factor portfolios, the study provides valuable insights for investors and portfolio managers. The findings reveal that multi-factor portfolios outperform traditional market-cap-weighted portfolios, demonstrating higher average returns and improved risk-adjusted performance. The results emphasize the significance of factors such as value and profitability, highlight the benefits of diversification, and consider factor interactions. The study contributes to the understanding of multi-factor investing strategies and their potential for optimizing investment approaches in dynamic market environments.

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 Enhancing, Portfolio, Management, Equity, Markets.

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  1. AQR Capital Management. (2019). A Century of Evidence on Trend-Following Investing. Retrieved from https://www.aqr.com/Insights/Research/White-Papers/A-Century-of-Evidence-on-Trend-Following-Investing

2. Asness, C. S., Frazzini, A., & Pedersen, L. H. (2012). Value and Momentum Everywhere. The Journal of Finance, 68(3), 929-985.
3. Bali, T. G., Cakici, N., & Whitelaw, R. F. (2011). Maxing Out: Stocks as Lotteries and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns. The Journal of Financial Economics, 99(2), 427-446.
4. Carhart, M. M. (1997). On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance. The Journal of Finance, 52(1), 57-82.
5. Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1992). The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns. The Journal of Finance, 47(2), 427-465.
6. Hou, K., Xue, C., & Zhang, L. (2015). Digesting Anomalies: An Investment Approach. The Review of Financial Studies, 28(3), 650-705.
7. Jegadeesh, N., & Titman, S. (1993). Returns to Buying Winners and Selling Losers: Implications for Stock Market Efficiency. The Journal of Finance, 48(1), 65-91.
8. Moskowitz, T. J., Ooi, Y. H., & Pedersen, L. H. (2012). Time Series Momentum. The Journal of Financial Economics, 104(2), 228-250.
9. Novy-Marx, R. (2013). The Other Side of Value: The Gross Profitability Premium. Journal of Financial Economics, 108(1), 1-28.

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 Indian miniature painting has a history dating back several centuries and has a distinct identity on the global art stage. Buddhism and Jainism, two religions, emerged in the Vedic period to reform social practices, and both religions chose art as a powerful medium for the widespread dissemination of their ideas and teachings. Thus, with Buddhism arose the tradition of mural painting and with Jainism the art form that emerged was the writing of manuscripts and the depiction of illustrations in them; Since these manuscripts were prepared on palm and bhoj-patras, which were small in size, the size of the pictures made in them were also very small, due to which later art critics counted such pictures under miniature painting style. It is also noteworthy here that the germination of the miniature painting tradition had already taken place in the 7th century under the patronage of the Pala dynasty. However, the widespread development of this tradition took place under the Jain style; which can be seen in different miniature paintings of forms such as Rajasthani, Mughal, and Pahari etc. In ancient Indian Pala and Jain miniatures, along with religious and cultural forms, spiritual contemplation and meditation have been reflected in a very supernatural way; whereas in miniature styles like Rajasthani, Mughal, Deccani and Pahari, miniature paintings based on the themes of the then popular texts were depicted with courtly elegance. The main objective of this research paper is to study step by step all these miniature painting styles originated in different periods on the basis of their painting-technique, colour-scheme, subject matter, stylistic features etc.

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 Culture, Natural Pigment, Miniature, History, Development, Painting.

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  1. Archer W.G., Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills, Vol. I Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications Limited, 34 New Bond Street, London WIA2AA, 1973.

2. Bernard S., Myers, Encyclopedia of Painting, Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1956.
3. Chaitanya K, A History of Indian Painting: Pahari Traditions, 1984.
4. Chakraverty A, Indian Miniature Painting, Luster Press, 1996.
5. Chauby Jarkhande & Srivastava, Lal Kanhaiya, Madhyayugeen Bhartiy Samaj Ewam Sanskriti, Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan, 1989.
6. Gairola Vachaspati, Bhartiy Chitrkala, 1963. 
7. Kaul Manohar, Trends in Indian Painting, Dhoomimal Ramchand Publication, New Delhi, 1961.
8. Khosa Sunil, Handbook of Indian Art, Sandeep Prakashan, Delhi, 1998.
9. Pathak G, (Edited) Indian Art and Culture, Avon Publications, New Delhi, 2010.
10. Randhawa M.S., & Galbraith J.K., Indian Painting: The Scene, Themes and Legends, 1980.
11. Vaidh Kishorilal, Pahari Chitrkala, National Publication House, Dariyaganj, Delhi-6, 1969.

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 Hill state Uttarakhand situated in northern Indian Central Himalaya is one of the country’s fast-growing states, supported by manufacturing and tourism. As hill agriculture became unsustainable and better opportunities for jobs and education became increasingly concentrated in urban centers, urban migration from hill villages intensified rapid urbanization. Unplanned urbanization and the challenge of mobilizing human and financial resources left significant gaps in the provision of basic infrastructure and services to growing urban areas. In the urban context, the overall literacy rate in the state is 84.45%, with female literacy at 79.25% and male literacy at 89.05% as per the Census of India 2011. The male–female literacy gap in the state is 9.8%. The combined urban workforce participation rate in the state is 32.36% with male workforce participation of 50.9% and female workforce participation of 11.3%, indicating a wide gender gap (39.6%). The women work participation rate in rural areas is 30.02% compared to 15.44% in urban areas. Unavailability of clean water supply, frequent sanitation systems and other needed services in particular poses an unfair burden on the poor families, estimated to be 15% of the urban population. Also greatly affected are women, who are key to household management and family health care. Rather than participate in economic activity, they are forced to spend much time and effort fetching water and caring for family members sickened by waterborne diseases and poor hygiene. On the basis of literacy and work participation in Uttarakhand urban areas need to detailed assessment of women labour participation.

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 Urban Development, Women Education, Women Labour, Uttarakhand.

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  1. Agrawal, A. and Joshi, D. (2015): Goldin’s ‘U’- shaped curve hypothesis on female labour participation rate: a case study. International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 5 (03), pp. 3903-3907.

2. Census of India (2011): Handbook of Urban Statistics 2019, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
3. Dabas, A. (2016): Assessment of natural resource degradation in cities of Uttarakhand: A geospatial approach. Thesis (M. Sc. Degree from Symbiosis Institute of Geo-informatics, Pune) Under World Wide Fund (WWF) For Nature, pp. 26-51.
4. DES- Directorate of Economic and Statistics (2011): Uttarakhand Government, Dehradun (https://des.uk.gov.in/).
5. Fletcher, E., Pande, R. and Moore, C.T. (2018): Women and work in India: descriptive evidence and a review of potential policies. Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Research Series, (January).
6. FLFP- Female Labour Force Participation (2022): Policy brief: declining female labour force participation rate in Uttarakhand: issues and way forward. Centre for Public Policy and Good Governance, Government of Uttarakhand, Policy Brief No. 01 (http://cppgg.uk.gov.in/). 
7. ILO- International Labour Organizations (2015): World of Work Report 2013 and Global Employment Trends 2013 (https://www.ilo.org/global/lang—en/index.htm).
8. ISR- India Skills Report (2019): Government of India, All India Council of Technical Education (https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/India%20Skill%20Report-2019.pdf).
9. Klasen, S. and Pieters, J. (2012): Push or Pull? Drivers of female labor force participation during India’s economic boom (Discussion Paper No. 6395). The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany, pp. 2-10.
10. Kumar, K., Tiwari, A., Mukherjee, S., Agnihotri, V. and Verma, R.K. (2019): Technical report: water at a glance: Uttarakhand, GBPNIHESD, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, p. 6.
11. LBMLE- Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour and Employment (2008): Statistical Profile on Women Labour (2007-08) by Govt. of India and Census 2011 (Provisional Data) and the compiled data provided by DES, Uttarakhand Government, Dehradun.
12. Maithani, D.D., Prasad, G. and Nautiyal, R. (2015): Geography of Uttarakhand, Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad, pp. 1-14.
13. Mazumdar, V. (1985): Emergence of women’s question in India and role of women’s studies. Occasional Paper No. 7, Centre for Women’s Development Studies, New Delhi.
14. Mehrotra, S. and Sinha, S. (2017): Explaining falling female employment during a high growth period. Weekly News on Economic and Politics.
15. NFHS- National Family Health Survey India (NFHS-3 in 2005-06, NFHS-4 in 2015-16 and NFHS-5 in 2019-21). International Institute for Population Sciences Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai (www.rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs3.shtml).
16. NSO- National Statistical Office (2019): Periodic Labour Force Survey 2018-2019. Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, New Delhi.
17. NSS- National Sample Survey (2004-05, 2011-12 and 2019-20) Government of India, Various Rounds Data (www.mospi.gov.in).
18. Parihar, D.S. (2021): Impacts, Challenges and Opportunities in Tourism Industries Due to COVID-19 Pandemic in Himalayan State Uttarakhand, India. (Edits’ Kumar, N. and Gupta, A.) Management, Challenges and Opportunities: During and after Pandemic Situations, Vandana Publication, Hazratgunj (Lucknow), pp. 111-131.
19. PLFS- Periodic Labour Force Survey (2020): https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_ release/Press_note_AR_PLFS_2021_22_24022023.pdf.
20. Policy Brief (2022): Declining Female Labour Force Participation 1 Rate in Uttarakhand: Issues and Way Forward. Centre for Public Policy and Good Governance, Government of Uttarakhand.
21. Singh, M. and Parihar, D.S. (2022): Migration: cause, pattern and effect in the Himalayan state Uttarakhand, India. (edits. Kumar, C.) Reverse Migration: An Effort to Rebloom the Villages in the Wake of the Pendemic, Vandana Publication, Hazratgunj (Lucknow), pp. 11-27.
22. UDR- Uttarakhand Development Report (2009) and Census 2011 (Provisional Data) and the compiled data provided by DES, Uttarakhand Government, Dehradun.
23. UNDP- United Nations Development Program’s (2019): The Sixth edition of the India Skills Report 2019 (https://www.undp.org/india/publications/india-skills-report-2019).

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 The human resource accounting is a new concept with immense opportunities. This system is a result of various studies and researches conducted by the experts. All the experts and researchers strongly argued that the human resources are inevitable source of asset to the organisation and it should be properly replenished by the management. In traditional accounting practice there is no particular classification for human resources. This paper reviews the relationship between human resource accounting and reporting standards. In fact, previous study have shown and debated various magnitudes related to valuing human resources. In conventional accounting practices, assets are classified as both tangible and intangible. The reporting standards always try to transparent the transactions in the organization and it provides a unique feature for all the disclosure practices. Therefore the purpose of this research is to understand in how extend the reporting standards boosts up the better implementation of human resource accounting.

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 Reporting Standards, Human Resource Accounting, Disclosure Practices, Human Resources Valuation.

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  1. Albu, N., & Albu, N. (2012). International Financial Reporting Standards in an Emerging Economy: Lessons from Romania. Wiley Online Library, 22(4), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00196.x

2. Bullen, M., & Eyler, K. (2010). Human resource accounting and international developments: implications for measurement of human capital. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 3, 1–16. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2170766451 &Fmt=7&clientId=5134&RQT=309&VName=PQD
3. Bullen, M. L., & Eyler, K.-A. (n.d.). Human resource accounting and international developments: implications for measurement of human capital. In tarjomefa.com. Retrieved January 27, 2021, from https://tarjomefa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/180-English-TarjomeFa.pdf
4. Danaei, A., Abdi, H., Mohagheghi, H., & Bajlan, M. (2014). Human resource accounting and financial reporting. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4(1), 1565–1570. http://http//www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/01/jls.htm
5. Jamal Jaarat, K. (2013). Human Resources Accounting Between Recognition and Measurement: An Empirical Study. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(2). http://citeseerx. ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.651.7436&rep=rep1&type=pdf
6. Jamal, K., Maier, M., & Sunder, S. (2003). Privacy in e-commerce: Development of reporting standards, disclosure, and assurance services in an unregulated market. Journal of Accounting Research, 41(2), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.00104
7. Kashive, N. (2013). Importance of Human Resource Accounting Practices and Implications of Measuring Value of Human Capital: Case study of Successful PSUs in India. Journal of Case Research, 4(2), 113–144. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=  true&db=bth&AN=92734546&site=ehost-live&scope=site

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 गाँधी एक ऐसे समाज का निर्माण करना चाहते थे जिसकी नींव न्याय, समानता व शांति पर आधारित हो। इस महती उद्देश्य की प्राप्ति हेतु यह परमावश्यक था कि समाज के दो आधारभूत अंगो-पुरूष व स्त्री के बीच समानता के सभी तत्त्व सुनिश्चित व सुनिर्धारित हों। देश के समन्वित व शांतिपूर्ण विकास के लिए यह लैंगिक समानता पूर्व निर्धारित शर्त है। गाँधी ने उत्कृष्ट शब्दों में नारी को गौरवान्वित करते हुए कहा, ‘‘नारी ईश्वर की सर्वाेत्कृष्ट कृति है, वह अहिंसा की अवतार है तथा अपने धार्मिक आग्रहों के परिप्रेक्ष्य में वह पुरूष जाति में कोसों आगे है।

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 अवधारणा, नारीवादी, गाँधीवाद, स्वदेशी, पर्दा-प्रथा, सशक्तिकरण.

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  1. साउथर्ड बारबरा, ‘‘फेमिनिज्म ऑफ महात्मा गाँधी’’, गाँधी मार्ग, वॉ. 13, नं. 71, अक्टूबर 1981, पृ. 403।

2. ‘‘वूमेन इन स्मृतिज’’, हरिजन, 28 नवम्बर, 1936।
3. ‘‘दि हिन्दू वाइफ’’, यंग इंडिया, 3 अक्टूबर, 1929।
4. ‘‘हाट इन वूमेन्स रोल’’, हरिजन, 24 फरवरी, 1940।
5. यंग इंडिया, 9 दिसम्बर, 1927।
6. हरिजन, 24 फरवरी, 1940।
7. ‘‘स्वराज थू्र वूमेन’’, हरिजन, 2 दिसम्बर 1939।
8. बरबरास साउथर्ड, पृ. 485।
9. नवजीवन, 8 मई 1921, सी. डब्ल्यू, एम. जी. वॉ 20 पृ. 63।
10. ‘‘पोजिशन ऑफ वूमेन’’, यंग इंडिया, 14 अक्टूबर, 1929।
11. रिपोर्ट ऑफ दी आल इंडिया वूमेन्स कांफ्रेंस, सातवां अधिवेशन, पृ. 134।
12. ‘‘हैल्पेस विडोज’’, हरिजन, 22 अगस्त 1935।
13. गुजरात नवजीवन, 12 अक्टूबर 1919।
14. यंग इंडिया, फरवरी, 14 1929।
15. ‘‘बर्थ कंट्रोल-1’’, हरिजन, 14 मार्च 1936।
16. ‘‘बर्थ कंट्रोल-2’’, हरिजन, 14 मार्च 1936।
17. पटेल एम. एस., ‘‘दी एजूकेशनल फिलोस्फी ऑफ महात्मा गाँधी’’, नवजीवन पब्लिशिंग हाउस, अहमदाबाद, 1953, पृ. 109।
18. जोशी पुष्पा, ‘‘गाँधी ऑन वूमेन’’, नवजीवन पब्लिशिंग हाउस, अहमदाबाद, 1988, पृ. 30-31।

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 बालक जन्म लेने के बाद से ही अनेक परिस्थितियों का सामना करता है और विकासोन्मुख होता हुआ आगे बढ़ता है, इस प्रक्रिया में वह बहुत से अनुभव ग्रहण करता है। इस अनुभव ग्रहण करने मंे ही उसकी शिक्षा निहित होती है। जान लॉक ने मानवीय जीवन में शिक्षा के महत्व को स्वीकार करते हुए कहा है कि - ‘‘पौधों का विकास कृषि से होता है और मनुष्य का शिक्षा द्वारा’’। बालक की शिक्षा तथा उसका मानसिक विकास जन्म होने के बाद से ही प्रारम्भ हो जाती है। अतः जन्म से ही प्रत्येक बालक को एक पारिवारिक परिवेश प्राप्त होता है, यही से उसकी शिक्षा की शुरूआत होती है, इसलिये परिवार को बालक की प्रथम पाठशाला कहा जाता है और पारिवारिक वातावरण को बालक के सर्वांगीण विकास की आधारशिला। बालक अपना व्यवहार, आचार-विचार, नैतिकता आदि अपने परिवार की मान्यताओं के अनुसार निर्मित एवं विकसित करता है। शिक्षा का उद्देश्य बालक का सर्वांगीण विकास करना हैं, परन्तु इसमंे पारिवारिक वातावरण की भूमिका मुख्य है।

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 परिवार, विद्यार्थी, शिक्षा, मानसिक.

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  1. गुप्ता एस.पी., (2005)ः आधुनिक मापन एवं मूल्यांकन, इलाहाबादः शारदा पुस्तक भवन। 

2. जियोबर्ट (1992)ः कुमलेटिव इफेक्ट आफॅुेमिली इनवायरमेन्ट आफन साइकोट्रिक, जनरल ऑफ एडोलोसंेट हैल्थ, Vol- 27, Page 34- 42.
3. आन्ने डब्लू. रिले तथा अन्य (2008)ः मेन्टल हेल्थ ऑफ चिल्ड्रेन, कैलिफोर्निया यूनिवर्सिटीः पी.एच.डी.। 
4. बुच एम.बी., (1983-1988)ः शैक्षिक अनुसंधान का चतुर्थ सर्वेक्षण, नई दिल्लीः एन.सी.ई.आर.टी। 
5. सिंह अरूण कुमार, (2005)ः शिक्षा मनोविज्ञान, पटनाः भारती भवन।
6. पाण्डेय के. पी., (2005)ः नवीन शिक्षा मनोविज्ञान, वाराणसीः विश्वविद्यालय प्रकाशन। 
7. अरडन तथा अन्य (2007)ः छात्रों की शैक्षिक निष्पत्ति एवं परिवार पर पड़ने वाले प्रभाव का अध्ययन, यूरेपियन जनरल साइकोलॉजी ऑफ एजूकेशन। 

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 21 वीं सदी के भारत के उत्थान के लिये नई शिक्षा नीति को लाया गया है। इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य शिक्षार्थियों की सर्वागींण विकास करना है। इस नीति में विद्यार्थियों में गुणवत्ता युक्त शिक्षा, नवाचार और हस्थ कौशल स्वभावलांबी होने पर बल दिया गया है। इस ड्रॉफ्ट में शोध को बढावा देने की संकल्पना स्पष्ट रूप से दिखी है। वर्तमान राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति में वैश्विक दृष्टिकोण के साथ भारत केंद्रित है। उच्च शिक्षा में भी काफी रूप बदलाब की संकल्पना है। इस नीति विद्यार्थी को विषय की वाध्यता से छूट देने की बात कही गई है। स्नातक स्तर के पाठ्यक्रम में मल्टीपल एंट्री एंड एक्जिट व्यवस्था को अपनाया गया है। इस नीति स्नातक पाठ्यक्रम की अवधि 3 या 4 वर्ष के आधार पर उपाधि या प्रमाण पत्र या डिप्लोमा देने की व्यवस्था है। यदि विद्यार्थी स्नातक एक वर्ष का अध्ययन करता है। तो उस विधार्थी को डिप्लोमा प्रदान किया जायेगा। इससे विद्यार्थी किसी स्नातक कोर्स मध्यावधि में अवरोध होने से उस कोर्स का हा्रस नही होगा।

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 पाठ्यक्रम, नई शिक्षानीति, सर्वागींण विकास, नवाचार, शिक्षा, ज्ञान.

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  1. (2020), राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति, मानव संसाधन विकास मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार, पृ. 4-8।

2. धोत्रे संजय, (2020), राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति, योजना पत्रिका, सूचना भवन प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, अंक सितंबर।
3. रावत, अरविन्दु, (2022) राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020ः समतामूलक और समावेशी शिक्षा क्रियान्वयन में अध्यापक शिक्षा की चुनौतियाँ, अमोघवार्ता, अदिति प्रकाशन, रायपुर छत्तीसगढ़, ISSN  2583-3189 (Online), 2583-0775 (Print) दिसंबर-फरवरी, पृ. 60-62।
4. (2021), नयी शिक्षा नीति में प्रौद्योगिकी पर जोर, नईदुनिया समाचार पत्र, इंदौर प्रकाशन, दिसंबर 26, पृ. 5।
5. चंद्राकर, क्षमा, (2022) भारत की वर्तमान शिक्षा व्यवस्था, शोध समागम, (ऑनलाइन), अदिति प्रकाशन, रायपुर छत्तीसगढ़, वर्ष 03, अंक 02, अप्रैल-जून, पृ.579-582।
6. कुमार, राजीव, (2022) राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 और उच्च शिक्षा, शोध समागम (ऑनलाइन) अदिति प्रकाशन रायपुर छत्तीसगढ़, ISSN 2581-6918 Vol. 05, ISSUE-03 जुलाई से सितंम्बर 2002 पृ. 860-865।
7. सिंह विरेंद्र, देवी कुकन (2022) उच्च शिक्षा के विशेष संदर्भ में राष्ट्रीय शिक्षानीति 2020 की एक महत्वपूर्ण अंतदृष्टिIJRAR-ORG (Online) E-ISSN 2348-1269 जनवरी 2022 Vol.-9- Issue-1 पृष्ठ 1720।

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 कृषि एक अत्यन्त व्यापक आर्थिक कार्य है तथा इसके विविध रूप हैं। विस्तृत अर्थों में इसके अन्तर्गत कुदाल पर आधारित जीवन-निर्वाह वाली खेती से लेकर मशीनों द्वारा वैज्ञानिक विधियों का प्रयोग करके व्यापारिक उद्देश्य से की जाने वाली कृषि तक आती है। इतनी व्यापक और विषय अर्थ को बताने के लिए ही बुकानन ने ‘कृषि’ शब्द को मिश्र-शब्द ;च्वतजउंदजमंन ॅवतकद्ध कहा है जिसका बड़ा व्यापक अर्थ है और इसके अन्तर्गत मानव के प्रयोग के लिए खाद्य पदार्थ अथवा कच्चा माल उत्पन्न करने के लिए मिट्टी का उपयोग करने वाली अत्यन्त साधारण से लेकर अत्यन्त जटिल तक विधियाँ आती हैं।’(Agriculture is something of portmanteau word, including within its denotationA wide range from very simple to human use.)। इसी तथ्य को मेकार्टी ने साधारण शब्दों में रखा है कि ‘सोद्देश्य फसलोत्पादन एवं पशुपालन को कृषि कहते हैं।’ कृषि के इस व्यापक अर्थ को उसका अंग्रेजी समानार्थी शब्द श्।हतपबनसनजनतमश् की व्युत्पत्ति से आंशिक रूप से समझा जा सकता है।

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 शहरीकरण, औद्योगिकीकरण, आधुनिकीकरण, खाद्य सुरक्षा, प्राकृतिक संसाधन, वैश्वीकरण.

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  1. बिहार सरकार (2003), नई औद्योगिक नीति।

2. जनगणना प्रतिवेदन (2001), बिहार खण्ड।
3. बिहार सरकार (2002-03), आर्थिक समीक्षा।
4. मिश्र विजय कुमार, (2006-07), बिहार एक परिचय।
5. बिहार सांख्यिकी पुस्तिका, 2003।
6. राकेश बहादूर सिंह (2007-08), बिहार में आर्थिक उपार्जन एवं पिछड़ापन, जेनरल बुक एजेन्सी, पटना. पृष्ठ-37।

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 This exploration paper investigates what’s to come possibilities of the agro business in Bihar, a state in eastern India. With its ripe soil and great climatic circumstances, Bihar has massive potential for farming development. The paper looks at the present status of the agro business in Bihar, recognizes key difficulties and restrictions, and investigates expected open doors for its future turn of events. The review uses a blend of subjective and quantitative exploration techniques, incorporating interviews with ranchers, industry specialists, and policymakers, as well as examination of optional information. The discoveries feature the requirement for maintainable rural practices, mechanical headways, framework advancement, and strategy backing to open the maximum capacity of the agro business in Bihar.

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 Agro Industry, Business, Investigation, Capacity.

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  1. Aggarwal, R., Pandey, A., and Sinha, P. (2021). Saddling Agrarian Capability of Bihar: Job of Innovation and Advancement. Horticultural Financial matters Exploration Survey, 34(2), 305-316.

2. Bihar State Horticulture Office. (n.d.). Recovered from https://krishi.bihar.gov.in/
3. Kumar, P., and Singh, R. (2019). Agro-Industry Advancement in Bihar: Difficulties and Open doors. In Monetary Advancement of Bihar: The Experience of Twenty years (pp. 173-190). Springer, Singapore.
4. Mandal, K. G., and Choudhury, B. U. (2018). Horticulture and Associated Areas: Development, Issues and Prospects in Bihar. Diary of Rustic Turn of events, 37(2), 197-220.
5. Mishra, D. S. (2021). Supportable Agrarian Improvement in Bihar: Amazing open doors and Difficulties. In Practical Advancement in Agribusiness (pp. 267-286). Springer, Singapore.
6. Raju, S. S., Meena, M. S., and Singh, N. (2018). Upgrading Bihar Ranchers’ Pay through Cultivation Based Agro-Businesses. In The Economy of Bihar: Drawing in with the World (pp. 145-156). Springer, Singapore.
7. Sharma, R., Kumar, N., and Singh, M. (2020). Agro-Handling Enterprises in Bihar: Issues and Prospects. Horticultural Financial matters Exploration Survey, 33(2), 213-224.
8. Singh, S., and Prakash, S. (2018). Execution and Possibilities of Food Handling Enterprises in Bihar. Indian Diary of Rural Financial matters, 73(2), 201-216.
9. Verma, S. K., Kumar, S., and Singh, A. K. (2020). Agro-Based Ventures and Country Improvement in Bihar. In Provincial Turn of events and Manageable Agribusiness (pp. 331-347). Springer, Singapore.
10. National Bank for Horticulture and Country Advancement (NABARD). (2021). State Center Paper Bihar 2021-22.

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 सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री (टी.एल.एम) विद्यार्थियों एवं शिक्षकों के सीखने - सिखाने की प्रक्रिया को रूचिकर बनाता है। यह शिक्षण अधिगम स्तर को विकसित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। शिक्षक जब शिक्षण में टी.एल.एम का प्रयोग करते हैं एवं विद्यार्थियों को करके जीवंत रूप में सिखाने का प्रयास करते हैं, तब विद्यार्थी विषयवस्तु को अधिक सरलतापूर्वक समझ पाते हैं। विभिन्न उपविषयों के लिए अलग-अलग प्रकार के टी.एल.एम का  प्रयोग कर शिक्षक सीखने-सिखाने की प्रक्रिया को रोचक बनाते हैं। विद्यार्थी टी.एल.एम के माध्यम से स्वयं करके एवं ज्ञानेन्द्रियों की सहायता से अवलोकन करता है। तब शिक्षण अधिक गुणवत्तापूर्ण हो जाता है एवं अधिगम अधिक प्रभावी हो जाता है। सामान्यतः विज्ञान शिक्षण में शिक्षक के द्वारा अपने आसपास एवं प्रयोगशाला सामग्री को ही टी.एल.एम की तरह प्रयोग किया जाता है। सामान्यतः टी.एल.एम शून्य निवेश या कम लागत वाले ही होते हैं। विज्ञान शिक्षण की कठिन संकल्पनाओं एवं अवधारणाओं को रोचक रूप में  समझाने में टी.एल.एम सहायक है। सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री शिक्षण को रूचिकर, आकर्षक, प्रभावी एवं आनंदमय बनाते हैं ।

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 अधिगम (Learning), सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री  (Teaching learning materials), अवधारणा (Concept), गुणवत्तापूर्ण (Quality), गतिविधि (Activity).

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  1. हेम्ब्रम सुष्मिता, शिक्षक सलाह वेबसाइट,  26/06/2022, (टी.एल.एम क्या है?)

2. छ.ग. पाठ्यपुस्तक निगम, रायपुर (छ.ग.), लेखक समूह, वर्ष-2022, कक्षा- दसवीं।

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 वर्तमान समय में भारतीय समाज में भारी आर्थिक विषमताएंे है, स्वतंत्रता के उपरान्त गरीब अधिक गरीब, तो वही अमीर और अधिकर अमीर बन गया, समाज में समता आने के स्थान पर गरीब अमीर की खाई और चौड़ी व गहरी हो गयी है। पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय जी ने ‘अर्थायाम’ व्याख्यान का विवेचन करते हुए स्पष्ट करते है कि समकालीन संमय में पूँजीवाद, समाजवाद तथा बाजारवाद व उपभोक्तावादी जैसी आर्थिक व्यवसाय समस्या के रूप मे सामने आये तो विभिन्न प्रकार के जैसे- बेरोजगारी, गरीबी, अशिक्षा आदि समस्याओं का समाधान होना मुश्किल लग रहा है। इन सभी समस्याओं के विकल्प में भारतीय चिन्तन के आधार पर सहयोग हो सकता है।

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 पूंजीवाद, बाजारवाद, समाजवाद, उपभोक्तावादी, अर्थयाम.

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  1. मिश्रा श्याम कार्तिक, एकात्म मानववादः तत्कालीन भारत में पुनरावलोकन, भाल बुक प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ0 92।

2. उपाध्याय दीनदयाल, भारतीय अर्थनीतिः विकास की एक दिशा, राष्ट्र धर्म पुस्तक प्रकाशन, लखनऊ, पृ0 115।
3. लोहिया राम मनोहर, अर्थशास्त्र, लोक भारतीय प्रकाशन, इलाहाबाद, पृ0 28।
4. उपाध्याय दीनदयाल, भारतीय अर्थनीतिः विकास की एक दिशा, अध्याय-2, भारतीय संस्कृति में अर्थ, राष्ट्र धर्म प्रकाशन, लखनऊ, 1958, पृ0 23।
5. उपाध्याय दीनदयाल, भारतीय अर्थनीतिः विकास की एक दिशा, अध्याय-2, भारतीय संस्कृति में अर्थ, राष्ट्र धर्म प्रकाशन, लखनऊ, 1958 पृ0 26।
6. उपाध्याय दीनदयाल, भारतीय राजनीतिः विकास एक दिशा, अध्याय-2।
7. शर्मा महेश चन्द्र, पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय कर्तव्य एवं विचार, प्रभात प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, अध्याय-7, आर्थिक चिन्तन, पृ0 259।
8. उपाध्याय दीनदयाल, (1958) भारतीय अर्थनीति विकास की दिशा, सुरूचि प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली पृ0 210।
9. लेख, सबको काम ही भारतीय अर्थनीति का एकमेव मूलाधार, दीनदयाल उपाध्याय पांचजन्य, 31 अगस्त 1933।
10. केलकर भालचन्द्र कृष्णा, पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्यायः विचार दर्शन, खण्ड-3, राजनीति चिन्तन, सुरूचि प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, 2004, पृ0 69।
11. राष्ट्र चिन्तनः पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय, लोकहित प्रकाशन, लखनऊ 2007 पृ0 82।
12. एकात्म मानववाद, पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय, प्रकाशक भारतीय जनता पार्टी, नई दिल्ली, 2012 पृं0 27।
13. उपाध्याय, दीनदयाल, भारतीय अर्थनीति, विकास की एक दिशा, राष्ट्र धर्म प्रकाशन लिमिटेड, 1958, पृ0 07।
14. केलकर भालचन्द्र कृष्णा, पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्यायः विचार दर्शन, खण्ड-3, राजनीति चिन्तन, सुरूचि प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, 2004, पृ0 69।

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 Swami Vivekananda was an Indian philosopher and spiritual leader who was pivotal in the Indian Independence Movement and the spread of Hinduism to the West. He developed a socio-political-cultural philosophy to unify India and create a better world by transforming individuals. At the core of his philosophy was the idea of Vedanta, which he believed was a universal truth that could be found in all religions. He thought that the individual must strive to understand the inner self and realize the oneness of all existence. He advocated for the spiritualization of politics and the development of a society based on the principles of truth, nonviolence, and social justice. Swami Vivekananda’s socio-political-cultural philosophy was deeply rooted in the Indian tradition and culture. He believed India’s spiritual heritage could solve the problems of the modern world. He argued that the caste system distorted the original Vedic teachings and called for its eradication. He also emphasized the importance of education and the need for scientific and technological development. Swami Vivekananda’s philosophy has profoundly impacted Indian society and culture. His teachings on individual transformation, the spiritualization of politics, and the unity of all religions have influenced generations of thinkers and leaders. His message of social justice, equality, and human dignity inspires people worldwide.

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 Hinduism, Governance, Spirituality, Socio-political philosophy, Swami Vivekananda.

Read Reference

  1. Chakraborty, S. K. (2019). Swami Vivekananda’s Socio-Political Philosophy and its Relevance Today. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 7(5), 211-214.

2. Chaudhuri, S. (2017). Swami Vivekananda on Social Reform: A Critical Analysis. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 5(2), 1-8.
3. Dasgupta, S. (2019). Swami Vivekananda’s Philosophy of Education and its Relevance in Modern Times. Journal of Education and Practice, 10(5), 40-44.
4. Dasgupta, S. (2020). Swami Vivekananda’s Vision of a Just Society: An Analysis. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 8(3), 231-239.
5. Ghosh, S. K. (2019). Swami Vivekananda and the Idea of Democracy. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 7(1), 1-9.
6. Gupta, A. (2020). Swami Vivekananda’s Concept of Social Service and its Relevance Today. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 8(5), 150-154.
7. Kumar, A., & Kumar, P. (2018). Swami Vivekananda’s Concept of Education: An Analysis. Journal of Educational Research and Development, 6(1), 16-21.
8. Majumder, S. (2021). Swami Vivekananda’s Philosophy of Cultural Unity and its Relevance Today. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 9(2), 34-42.
9. Mandal, A. (2017). Swami Vivekananda’s Vision of Social Justice: An Analysis. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 5(4), 15-23.
10. Mukherjee, S. (2019). Swami Vivekananda’s Perspective on Education and its Implications for Contemporary Indian Education System. International Journal of Education and Management Studies, 9(1), 56-62.
11. Pal, A. (2018). Swami Vivekananda’s Ideas on Caste System and their Relevance Today. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 6(3), 1-9.
12. Patra, B. (2019). Swami Vivekananda’s Concept of Self-Realization and its Significance in Contemporary Times. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 7(4), 12-19.
13. Prasad, N. (2017). Swami Vivekananda’s Vision of Good Governance: An Analysis. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 5(1), 20-28.
14. Roy, P. (2018). Swami Vivekananda’s Philosophy of Social Harmony and its Relevance Today. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 6(4), 1-10.
15. Saha, S. (2019). Swami Vivekananda’s Philosophy of Empowerment and its Implications for Women’s Development. Journal of Gender and Social Issues, 18(2), 56-63.